Ophthalmic Ultrasonography: Expert Consult - Online and Print

Ophthalmic Ultrasonography
Front Matter
	Front Matter
		Ophthalmic Ultrasonography
Copyright
	Copyright
Video Table of Contents
	Video Table of Contents
Preface
	Preface
List of Contributors
	List of Contributors
Dedication
	Dedication
Acknowledgments
	Acknowledgments
Contents
1 Theoretical Considerations
	Introduction
	Basic physics
		Acoustic wave
		Laws of acoustic energy
		Frequency and resolution
	Instrumentation
		A-scan
			Biometric A-scan
			Standardized A-scan
		B-scan
	Special techniques
		Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM)
		Immersion B-scan
		Color Doppler ultrasonography
			3D ultrasonography
	References
2 Practical Considerations
	Introduction
	Ultrasonographic instrument design
		Axial resolution
		Amplification curves
		Gain
	Ophthalmic ultrasonography modules
	Future improvements
	References
3 Clinical Methods: A- and B-Scans
	Introduction
	Basic positioning and patient preparation
	B-scan probe
	B-scan probe positions
		Transcorneal scans
			Axial scans
			Para-axial scans
		Trans-scleral scans
			Longitudinal scan
			Transverse scan
	B-scan examination methods
		Five scan screening
		Detailed B-scan examination
	Diagnostic A-scan
	Differentiation of ocular lesions
		Topographic ultrasonography
		Quantitative ultrasonography
		Kinetic ultrasonography
			Mobility
			Vascularity
			Convection
	References
4 Clinical Methods: Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
	Introduction
	Basic positioning and patient preparation
	UBM probe positions
		Axial scans
		Radial (longitudinal) scans
		Transverse scans
	References
5 Doppler and Contrast Agents
	Introduction
	CDI: background and physical considerations
	Examination technique and device parameters
		Clinical applications
			Retinal detachment
			Persistent fetal vasculature
			Intraocular tumors
			Ocular and orbital vascular diseases
				Central retinal artery (CRA) and central retinal vein (CRV) occlusion
				Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION)
				Orbital varix
				Carotid–cavernous fistula
			Orbital tumors
	Contrast agents
	Conclusions
	References
6 Very High-frequency Digital Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
	Introduction
	Artemis digital ultrasound biomicroscopy
		Method
		Data acquisition
		Signal processing
	Corneal applications
		Corneal epithelium
			Normal corneal epithelium
			Keratoconic epithelium
			Epithelial thickness changes after refractive surgery
			Epithelial profile after orthokeratology
			Epithelial profile after ectasia
			Epithelial profile in irregular astigmatism
		Corneal stroma
			Normal cornea
			Stromal thickness change after refractive surgery
		Flap
		Comparison of OCT with Artemis for imaging of the flap
	Residual stromal bed
	Stromal component of the flap
		Reinstein flap thickness (original flap thickness – Figure 6.3, map 9)
		True flap thickness morphology
	Anterior segment applications
		Anterior chamber phakic IOL sizing
		Posterior chamber phakic IOL sizing
	In-situ intraocular lens imaging
	Glaucoma
	Hypotony
	Conclusion
	References
7 Ocular Biometry
	Introduction
	IOL Master®
		Instrumentation and methods
		Mechanism
		Settings
		A-constants and optimization
		Troubleshooting
			Limited fixation
			Opaque media
			False positive readings
	Biometric A-scan ultrasound
		Contact
		Immersion
		Settings
			Velocity settings
			The electronic gates
		Troubleshooting
		Comparison of IOL Master® and immersion A-scan
			Optimal use
		Measuring specific conditions – challenging eyes
			Aphakic
			Pseudophakic
			Dense cataract
			Silicone oil in vitreous
			Macular pathology
			Posterior staphyloma
			Coloboma
	Specific guidelines to avoid AL measurement errors
		Patient history
			Preoperative refraction
			Confirm all asymmetrical measurements
			Normative data for anterior segment structures
	Intraocular lens power calculations
		First-generation formula
		Second-generation formula
		Third-generation formula
		Fourth-generation formula
		Selection of the best formula
		Post-refractive surgery
			Double K formula method
			Clinical history method
				Example:
			Feiz–Mannis method
				Example:
			Wang–Koch–Maloney method
				Example:
			Topographic central cornea adjustment method
				Example:
			Masket method and modified Masket method
				Example:
			Corneal bypass method
				Example:
			Shammas method
			Contact lens method
			Haigis-L
			Pentacam®
			Galilei®
			Consensus K technique
		IOL calculation after hyperopic treatments
		Post-radial keratotomy and cataract surgery
		IOL calculations in corneal transplants
		Piggyback IOL
		Unusual power
			Example:
		IOL selection in children
	References
8 Corneal Diseases
	Introduction
	Cornea
		Normal cornea
		Congenital corneal opacity
		Corneal edema
		Corneal dystrophy
		Corneal infection
		Corneal transplants
		Photoablative corneal surgery
	Corneal biomechanical imaging
	Intraocular lens implantation
	Anterior segment trauma
	Anterior segment foreign body
	References
9 Glaucoma
	Introduction
	Anterior chamber angle evaluation
	Secondary glaucoma
	Congenital glaucoma
	Evaluation after glaucoma laser and surgery
	Optic disc evaluation
	References
10 Vitreoretinal Diseases
	Introduction
	Vitreous
		Vitreous hemorrhage
		Posterior vitreous detachment
		Asteroid hyalosis
	Retinal detachment
		Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
		Tractional retinal detachment
		Exudative retinal detachment
		Total retinal detachment
		Differential diagnosis
	Retinal tear
		Associated retinal detachment
		Giant retinal tear
		Differential diagnosis
	Retinal pigment epithelium detachment
	Retinoschisis
	Disciform lesions
	Retinal cyst
	Post-surgical changes
		Scleral buckle
		MIRAgel implant
		Gas/air bubbles
		Silicone oil
		Retained perfluorocarbon liquids
	References
11 Intraocular Tumors
	Introduction
	Retinoblastoma
		Clinical features, symptoms, and signs
		Diagnostic evaluation
		Salient diagnostic findings
		Differential diagnosis
	Retinopathy of prematurity
	Persistent fetal vasculature
	Coats’ disease
	Toxocariasis
	Medulloepithelioma
	Benign uveal tumors
		Circumscribed and diffuse choroidal hemangioma
			Clinical features, symptoms, and signs
			Diagnostic evaluation
			Salient diagnostic findings
		Iris and ciliary body nevus
		Choroidal nevus
		Uveal melanocytoma
		Leiomyoma
		Schwannoma (neurilemoma)
	Malignant uveal tumors
		Iris and ciliary body melanoma
		Choroidal melanoma
			Clinical features, symptoms, and signs
			Diagnostic evaluation
			Salient diagnostic findings
			Differential diagnosis
		Choroidal metastasis
		Age-related macular degeneration
		Posterior scleritis
	Intraocular calcification
		Astrocytic hamartoma
		Choroidal osteoma
		Sclerochoroidal calcification
		Others
	References
12 Ocular Inflammatory Diseases
	Introduction
	Anterior uveitis
	Intermediate uveitis
	Posterior uveitis
	Panuveitis
	Hypotony
	Scleral inflammatory disease
		Episcleritis
		Scleritis
		Anterior scleritis
		Posterior scleritis
	Specific entities
		Intraocular tumor masquerading as scleritis
		Endophthalmitis
		Postoperative non-infectious inflammation after cataract surgery
		Inflammatory orbital diseases
	References
13 Optic Nerve Diseases
	Technique
		Normal retrobulbar optic nerve measurements
		30° test
	Papilledema
		Adults
		Trauma
		Children
	Optic disc drusen
	Congenital disk anomalies
		Optic disc coloboma
		Morning glory disk anomaly
		Tilted optic disc
		Pseudodoubling of the optic disc
	Retrobulbar optic nerve lesions
	Gaze-evoked amaurosis
	Orbital trauma
	Giant cell arteritis
	References
14 Ocular Prenatal Imaging
	Introduction
	Embryology
	Imaging modalities
	Globe anomalies
		Anophthalmia
		Microphthalmia
		Optic nerve coloboma
		Cyclopia
		High myopia
		Delayed regression of the hyaloid artery and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
		Cataract
		Retinoblastoma
		Retinal detachment
	Orbit and adnexae
		Hypertelorism and hypotelorism
		Proptosis
		Strabismus
		Orbital cyst
		Rhabdomyosarcoma
		Teratoma
		Dacryocystocele
	References
15 Pediatric Eye Diseases
	Introduction
	Technique
	Clinical conditions
		Orbit
			Hemangiomas and lymphangiomas
			Orbital cysts
			Rhabdomyosarcoma
		Anterior segment
			Peters’ anomaly
			Limbal dermoid
		Posterior segment
			Persistence of the fetal vasculature (PFV)
			Congenital retinal detachment
			Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
			Shaken baby
		Optic nerve malformations
			Morning glory disk anomaly
			Coloboma
		Tumors
	Conclusions
	References
16 Ocular Trauma
	Introduction
	Anterior segment
		Angle trauma
		Lens dislocation
	Posterior segment
		Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
		Hemorrhagic choroidal detachment
		Intraocular foreign body
		Posterior scleral rupture
	Optic nerve avulsion
	Endophthalmitis
	Sympathetic ophthalmia
	References
17 Ocular Laboratory Applications
	Introduction
	Instrumentation
	Imaging modes
	Contrast imaging
	Ophthalmic applications
	References
18 Ocular Ultrasound Guided Anesthesia
	Introduction
		Retrobulbar block
		Peribulbar block
		Sub-Tenon’s block
	Rationale for USG-guided anesthesia
	Published studies
	Technique
	Ultrasound devices
		Probe shape, size, configuration
		Ultrasound bioeffects
	Limitations
	Conclusions
	References
19 Future Considerations
	Historical aspects
	High-frequency ultrasound and biomicroscopy
	Doppler ultrasound
	Harmonic and superharmonic ultrasound
	Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
	Compound imaging
	Three- and four-dimensional ultrasound
	C-scan ultrasound
	Ultrasound elastography
	Fusion imaging
	Remote and robotic ultrasound
	High-intensity focused ultrasound
	Photoacoustic imaging
	References