Operational Aspects of Oil and Gas Well Testing

OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF OIL AND GAS WELL TESTING......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 6
ACKOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 8
CONTENTS......Page 10
CHAPTER 1. PURPOSE OF THE BOOK......Page 32
CHAPTER 2. WELL TESTING RECOMMENDED PRACTICES......Page 36
CHAPTER 3. WELL TEST OBJECTIVES......Page 42
3.1 The Decision to Test......Page 43
3.2 Mobilising Test Equipment......Page 44
4.1 Breathing Apparatus......Page 50
4.2 Certification, Service Testing and Safety Review......Page 51
4.3 HAZOP Studies......Page 52
4.4 Dangerous Substances......Page 53
4.5 Daylight/High Visibility Working......Page 54
4.6 Explosives......Page 55
4.7 Fire Fighting Equipment......Page 59
4.8 Gas Detection......Page 60
4.9 Hydrogen Sulphide......Page 61
4.11 Restricted Access......Page 68
4.12 Safety Meetings......Page 69
4.14 Start of Testing Operations......Page 74
5.3 Boat Captain (Standby Vessel)......Page 76
5.8 Drilling Engineer......Page 77
5.11 Electric Wireline Engineer......Page 78
5.17 Production Testing Crew......Page 79
5.22 Test Engineer......Page 80
5.23 Tool Pusher / OIM......Page 81
6.1 Boundaries......Page 82
6.4 Permeability......Page 83
6.6 Samples......Page 84
6.7 Zonal Contribution......Page 86
CHAPTER 7. TEST DESIGN......Page 88
7.1 Single Rate Oil Well Testing......Page 89
7.2 Gas Well Tests......Page 90
7.4 Artificial Lift Performance Testing......Page 93
7.7 Slug or Closed ChamberTesting......Page 94
7.8 Injectivity Testing......Page 95
7.10 Reservoir Limit Tests and Extended Well Tests......Page 96
7.11 High Pressure High Temperature Testing (HP/HT)......Page 97
7.13 The Use of Tubing or Drill Pipe for the Test String......Page 98
7.15 Well Preparation......Page 100
7.17 Well Test Planning Considerations / Checklist......Page 101
8.2 Formation Pressure......Page 102
8.3 Formation Temperature......Page 103
8.7 Skin Damage......Page 104
CHAPTER 9. PERFORATING......Page 106
9.2 Through Tubing Perforation......Page 107
9.3 Tubing Conveyed Perforation......Page 108
9.4 Tubing Conveyed Perforating (TCP) Firing Heads......Page 109
CHAPTER 10. DOWNHOLE TEST EQUIPMENT......Page 118
10.1 DST (Drill Stem Test) Concepts......Page 119
10.3 Gauge (Bundle) Carriers......Page 130
10.7 Perforated Joint......Page 131
10.8 Packers......Page 132
10.9 Tubing Test Valve......Page 133
10.13 Tester (Downhole Shut In) Valves......Page 134
10.14 Surface Read Out (SRO) Subs......Page 135
10.16 Drill Collars......Page 137
10.18 Reverse Circulation Valves......Page 138
10.20 Tubing / Drill Pipe Connections......Page 139
10.21 IRIS......Page 140
11.1 Mechanical Gauges......Page 148
11.3 Capacitance Transducer Gauges......Page 149
11.5 Sapphire Crystal Transducer......Page 150
11.7 Memory Gauge Battery Packs......Page 151
11.10 Speciality Gauges......Page 152
11.11 Calibration of Gauges......Page 153
12.1 Sub Sea Test Tree ( SSTT)......Page 154
12.2 Associated Sub Sea Equipment......Page 158
12.4 Sub Sea Test Tree Disconnect......Page 161
13.1 Surface Test Tree (Flowhead)......Page 164
13.2 Coflexip Hoses......Page 165
13.3 Rig Permanent Pipework......Page 166
13.5 Surface Temporary Piping......Page 170
13.7 Sand Detection Equipment......Page 171
13.9 Choke manifold......Page 173
13.11 Horizontal Separator......Page 179
13.13 Metering......Page 183
13.15 Gauge Tank......Page 189
13.19 Oil Diverter Manifold......Page 190
13.21 Standard Oil Burners......Page 193
13.22 Green Burners......Page 194
13.23 Equipment Hook Up and Location......Page 198
13.24 Flare Lines......Page 199
13.25 Vent Lines......Page 200
13.27 Emergency Shutdown Systems......Page 201
14.1 Equipment Checking......Page 204
14.2 Operational Considerations for Equipment Layout......Page 205
14.4 Pressure Testing......Page 207
14.6 Running and Setting the Packer......Page 208
14.8 Separator Operations......Page 209
14.9 Production Problems......Page 211
14.10 Well Control......Page 220
CHAPTER 15. RESERVOIR FLUID BEHAVIOUR & SAMPLING OPERATIONS......Page 222
15.1 Reservoir Fluid Behaviour......Page 223
15.2 Sampling Programmes......Page 226
15.3 Stable Flow......Page 228
15.6 Slickline Sampling......Page 229
15.8 Test Tool Sampling......Page 230
15.9 Reverse Circulation Sampling......Page 231
15.10 Surface Sampling Points......Page 232
15.11 Monophasic Surface Sampling......Page 233
15.12 Recombination Sampling......Page 234
15.13 Labelling of Samples......Page 235
15.14 Storage and Disposal of Samples......Page 236
16.1 Gas Measurements and Analysis......Page 238
16.2 Oil Measurements and Analysis......Page 239
16.3 Water Measurements and Analysis......Page 240
17.1 Daily Reporting From The Wellsite......Page 242
17.2 Final Well Test Report......Page 244
18.1 Coiled Tubing Equipment......Page 246
18.2 Uses of Coil Tubing......Page 248
18.3 Typical Coil Tubing Operating Procedures......Page 250
18.4 Uses of Nitrogen......Page 251
18.5 Uses of the Coil Tubing Nitrogen Combination......Page 255
19.2 Safety......Page 258
19.3 Stimulation by Acid......Page 259
19.4 Stimulation by Fraccing......Page 260
Appendix A. Radius of Investigation Calculation......Page 266
Appendix B. Well Test Planning Considerations – Check List......Page 268
Appendix C. Choke Performance Equations......Page 277
Appendix D. Separator Calculations......Page 279
Appendix E. Selection of DST Tubulars......Page 281
Appendix F. Estimation of Pressure Loss From Tubing Flow......Page 282
Appendix G. Temperature Effects on Tubulars......Page 284
Appendix H. Pressure Effects on Tubulars......Page 285
Appendix I. Example – Detailed Well Test Programme......Page 289
Appendix J. Testing & Related Services Contractors Web Sites......Page 344
Appendix K. Simulator Products......Page 345
INDEX......Page 348