Operational Aircraft Performance and Flight Test Practices

Cover
Half Title
	Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Acknowledgement
Preface
Chapter 1: Atmosphere
	Atmospheric Properties
	Perfect Gas
	Atmosphere to 65,617 Feet
	Standard Atmosphere
	Atmospheric Ratios
	Temperature, Pressure, and Density Altitudes
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 2: Measuring Altitude
	Introduction
	Pressure Altitude
	Radar Altitude
	GPS Altitude
	Exercises
	Reference
Chapter 3: Measuring Airspeed
	Introduction
	True Airspeed, Speed of Sound, and Mach Number
	Equivalent Airspeed
	Calibrated Airspeed
	Ground and Vertical Speeds
	Instruments: Airspeed Indicators
	Exercises
	Reference
Chapter 4: Altimetry Error
	Indicated Airspeed/Altitude
	Certification Regulations
	Flight Testing for Air Data Errors
	Probe Location: Manufacturing and Maneuver-Based Errors
	Static Source Error Correction (SSEC)
	Sensor Accuracy, Precision, Resolution, and Calibration
	Flight Manual: Presenting the Information to the Flight Crew
	Unreliable Airspeed (URA)
	Concluding Remarks
	Exercise
	References
Chapter 5: Weight and Balance
	Introduction
	Weight Breakdown and Definitions
	Aircraft Weighing: Theory and Practice
	Center of Gravity: It’s a Balancing Act
	Lateral CG
	Vertical CG
	Mass Moment of Inertia
	Fuel Weight and CG
	Passenger Weight
	Cargo and Checked Baggage
	Typical Weight and Center of Gravity Envelopes
	Flight Testing and Flight Test Equipment and Ballast
	Airplane Weighing Procedures and Documentation
	Weight a Minute
	Tracking the BEW In-Service
	Impact of Weight on Performance: Examples
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 6: Liftft and Stall
	Basic Airplane Geometry
	Lift and Lift Equation
	Lift Curve and Lift Distribution
	Lift Limit: Aerodynamic Stall
	Display of Angle of Attack in the Cockpit
	Icing
	Ice Protection Systems
	Manufacturing Tolerance: An Aerodynamic Perspective
	References
Chapter 7: Stall Testing
	Importance of a Stall Program on Airplane Certification
	Defining Stall from a Certification Point of View
	Stall Speed Testing
	Creating a Stall Speed Model
	Presenting the Information to the Flight Crew
	Exercise
	References
Chapter 8: Thrust and Drag Modeli
	Drag Model
	Slow Flight Speed Domain
	Thrust Model
	Thrust Summary
	Thrust-Drag Bookkeeping
	References
Chapter 9: Flight Envelope
	A Regulation-Based Limit
	Low-Speed Limit
	High-Speed Limit
	Maximum Altitude
	Temperature Envelope
	Flaps Out and Gear Down Envelopes
	Placard Speeds
	Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Cruise Performance and Flight Endurance
	Defining Range
	Useful Parameters
	Specific Air Range (SAR)
	Range Equation: Turbojet/Turbofans
	Range Equation: Reciprocating/Turboprop
	Fuel Reserves
	Impact of Wind on Range
	Payload-Range Diagram
	Flight Endurance
	Electrical Propulsion: A Step Change?
	Hybrid-Electric: An Evolutionary Change
	The Case for the Reduced Energy Plane: The Hydrogen Plane
	References
Chapter 11: Cruise and Drag Performance Testing
	Creating a Drag Model from Flight Test Results
	Testing for Low-Speed Drag
	Testing for High-Speed Drag
	Testing for SAR
	Testing for Zero Fuel Level
	Presenting the Information to the Flight Crew
	Fuel (Energy) Management and Conservation
Chapter 12: Climb Performance
	Developing a Climb Performance Model
	Factors Influencing Climb Performance
	Climb Schedules
	Descending Flight
	Load Factor and Flight Path Variation
	Energy Height
	Certification Requirements
	Flight Test and Data Reduction
	Presenting the Information to a Flight Crew
	Exercise
Chapter 13: Climb Capability OEI
	Impact of One Engine Inoperative (OEI) on Climb Performance
	Certification Regulations: Part 25 Transport Category Airplanes
	Flight Test and Check Climbs
	Presenting the Takeoff Weight Limited by Climb Requirements to a Flight Crew
	Obstacle Clearance
	Presenting the Climb Information for Obstacle Clearance to a Flight Crew
	Gliding Flight
	Exercise
	Reference
Chapter 14: Turn Performance and Maneuver Margin
	Building a Basic Model
	Special Cases for Turn Performance
	Altitude Effects on Sustainable Turn Performance Flight Envelope
	Energy Maneuverability
	Inner Wing Stall in a Turn
	Maneuver Margin and Certification Regulations
	Buffet Envelope
	Unrestricted Turn Performance
	Turn Performance under OEI Conditions
	Exercises
	Reference
Chapter 15: Takeoff Performance
	Takeoff Distance Definition
	Basic Takeoff Performance Model: Takeoff Segments
	Takeoff Speed Summary
	Takeoff Distance, Acceleration-Go
	Certification Regulations: Part 25 Transport Category Airplanes
	Exercises
Chapter 16: Takeoff Performance Testing
	Takeoff Distance Modeling
	Minimum Control Speed: Air VMCA
	Certification Regulations: Robustness of Takeoff Procedure
	Takeoff Performance Testing: Risks and Mitigations
	Exercise
	Reference
Chapter 17: Rejected Takeoff Performance
	Why Reject a Takeoff?
	RTO Distance Definition
	Stopway
	Runway Safety Area (RSA)
	Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS) for Airplane Overruns
	References
Chapter 18: Rejected Takeoff Performance Testing and AFM Takeoff Field Length
	Braking Performance and Testing RTO
	Testing for Minimum Control Speed, Ground
	RTO Testing
	Maximum Kinetic Energy Testing (Max KE)
	Maximum Wheel Speed
	Airplane Flight Manual: Takeoff Field Length (TOFL)
	References
Chapter 19: Landing Performance
	Basic Modeling
	Air Segment
	Transition Segment
	Ground Run Segment
	Total Landing Distance
	Operational Requirements
	Exercises
	References
Chapter 20: Landing Performance Testing and A
	Preparing for a Landing Distance Test Campaign
	Testing for the Air Segment
	Testing for the Transition Segment
	Testing for the Ground Run Segment
	Total Landing Distance
	Presenting the Information to the Flight Crew
	Time of Arrival Landing Performance
	Steep Approach
	Transport Canada Steeper Requirements
	Reference
About the Author
Index
Supporting Materials