Opening Science: The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing

Preface
Contents
Part IBasics/Background
1 Towards Another Scientific Revolution
	Abstract
	Knowledge Creation and Dissemination: A Brief History
	Professionalization of Knowledge Creation: The First Scientific Revolution
	Legacy Gap: The Background of the Second Scientific Revolution
	The Second Scientific Revolution
	Naming the New: Science 2.0, Open Science, eScience, Mode2, Open Research
	The Second Scientific Revolution: Road to a Great New Future?
	The Second Scientific Revolution is Based on Many Novel Aspects and Tools
	How This Book Works: Artificially Dissecting the Second Scientific Revolution
	Open Access
	References
2 Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought
	Abstract
	Public School: The Obligation to Make Science Accessible to the Public
		Accessibility to the Research Process: Can Anyone be a Scientist?
		Comprehensibility of the Research Result: Making Science Understandable
	Democratic School: Making Research Products Available
		Open Data
		Open Access to Research Publication
	Pragmatic School: Making Research More Efficient
	Infrastructure School: Architecture Matters Most
		Distributed Computing
		Social and Collaboration Networks
	Measurement School: Finding Alternative Measurements for Scientific Output
	Discussion
	Open Access
	References
3 Excellence by Nonsense: The Competition for Publications in Modern Science
	Abstract
	In Search of Excellence
	The Competition for Publications in Academic Journals: The Peer-Review Process
	The Competition for Top-Rankings by Maximising Publications and Citations
	Side Effects of the Production of Nonsense in Science: ‘Crowding-Out’ Effects and New Bureaucracy
	The Emergence of a New Research Bureaucracy
	Open Access
	References
4 Science Caught Flat-Footed: How Academia Struggles with Open Science Communication
	Abstract
	Communication about Science
	Communication by Scientists and the Institutionalised PR
	Outlook
	Open Access
	References
5 Open Science and the Three Cultures: Expanding Open Science to all Domains of Knowledge Creation
	Abstract
	Open Access
	References
Part IITools
6 (Micro)Blogging Science? Notes on Potentials and Constraints of New Forms of Scholarly Communication
	Abstract
	Framing the Issue: New Forms of Scholarly Communication and Science 2.0
	Science Blogging as a New Form of Engaging with Science
	Case 1: Rosie Redfield (RRResearch)
	Case 2: Bora Zivkovic (A Blog Around the Clock)
	The Uses of Microblogs for Science: Two Scenarios
	Case 1: Twitter at Conferences
	Case 2: Twitter for Citations
	Who Uses Blogs and Microblogs for Scholarly Communication, and Why?
	Conclusion
	Open Access
	References
7 Academia Goes Facebook? The Potential of Social Network Sites in the Scholarly Realm
	Abstract
	Introduction
	An Overview of Functions, Potential, and Usage Practices
		Typical Functions of SNS
		Potentials of SNS for Science and Research
		Academic Usage Practices in SNS
	The Diffusion of SNS in Academia and the Intensity of Usage
	Academic Usage Practices in Science-Specific SNS
	Assessing the Potential Future and Impacts of SNS in Academia
		The Hard Way to the Critical Mass
		The Hyper-Critical Mass: Too Big to Fail?
		Multiple Channels, Information Overload and Filtering
		Social Issues
	Conclusions
	Open Access
	References
8 Reference Management
	Abstract
	Introduction
	What is a Reference Manager?
	Getting References into the Reference Manager
	Bibliographic Databases
	COinS: Hassle-Free Import of Bibliographic Data
	Digital Object Identifiers and Other Unique Identifiers
	Standardized Bibliographic Data Formats: BibTeX and RIS
	Citation Styles and Citation Style Language
	Managing Full-Text Content
	Reference Management Tools
		EndNote
		Mendeley
		Zotero
		RefWorks
		Papers
		JabRef
		CiteULike
	Other Reference Management Products
	Outlook
	Open Access
	References
9 Open Access: A State of the Art
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Definition of Open Access
	State of the Art
	A Closer Look at Green and Gold Open Access
	Green or Gold: Which is the Better Way?
	New Models
	Books and Grey Literature
	Impact of Open Access on Publishing
	Benefits
	Open Access
10 Novel Scholarly Journal Concepts
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Novelty in the Business Model
	Novelty in the Editorial Model
	Novelty in the Peer Review Model
	The Disaggregation of the Journal Model
	Conclusion
	Open Access
11 The Public Knowledge Project: Open Source Tools for Open Access to Scholarly Communication
	Abstract
	Introduction
	History of the Project
	The PKP Systems
	The PKP Program
	Conclusion
	Open Access
	References
Part IIIVision
12 Altmetrics and Other Novel Measures for Scientific Impact
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Terminology
	History
	Scholarly Research
	Use Cases
		Metrics as a Discovery Tool
		Data-Driven Stories About The Post-Publication Reception of Research
		Business Intelligence for a Journal, University or Funder
		Altmetrics as an Evaluation Tool
	Example Metrics and Providers
		Mendeley
		CiteULike
		Twitter
		Facebook
		Wikipedia
		Science Blogs
	Altmetrics Service Providers
	Challenges and Criticism
	Open Access
	References
13 Dynamic Publication Formats and Collaborative Authoring
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Historic Dynamic Publishing Using Printed Journals and Books: Revising Editions or Publishing Novel Books and Articles
	Preprint, Postprint and (Open) Peer Review
	Follow-Ups and Retractions
	Current Aspects of the Publication System in Regard to the Dynamic Knowledge Creation Process
		The Production Process is not Visible to the Reader
		The Contribution of Individual Authors is not Visible
		Finalized Versions do not Allow Changes, Thus Making Corrections and Additions Nearly Impossible
		Redundancy in Scientific Publications---Currently no Reuse and Remixing
		Legal Hurdles to Make Remixing and Reuse Difficult
		Technical Hurdles in Reusing Content---‘‘Publisher PDF’’ Files are Mimicking Print
	Dynamic Publication Format---General Concept
		Dynamic Publication---Challenges
	Aspects of Dynamic Publication Formats
		Dynamic
		Authorship
		Openness
		Tranclusion, Pull-Requests, and Forking---Lifecycle and History
		Publication Formats
		Content and Quality Control
		Cultural Background
	Current Implementation of Dynamic Publications
		Journal Articles and Books
		Blogs
		Wikis
		Stack Exchange---Message Boards Where Threads 	are Initiated by Posting Open Questions
		SNS for Scientists
	Open Access
	References
14 Open Research Data: From Vision to Practice
	Abstract
	The Vision of Open Research Data
	The Status of Data Sharing Today
	Understanding the Barriers
	Overcoming the Barriers
	Translating Vision into Practice
	Open Access
	References
15 Intellectual Property and Computational Science
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Research Dissemination: The Narrative
	Research Dissemination: Data and ‘‘Raw Facts’’
	Research Dissemination: Methods/Code/Tools
	Conclusion
	Open Access
	References
16 Research Funding in Open Science
	Abstract
	Research Funding Policies: Pushing forward Open Science
	Research Funding at Present: Limitations and Closed Discourses
	Open Research Funding
		Open Research Funding: Some Considerations
		Crowdfunding
		Social Payments in Science
		Virtual Currencies in Science
	Some Critical Reflections
		Quality Assurance and Sustainability
		Plagiarism
		Pop Science, Self-Marketing, and Verifiability
		What About Openness?
	Appendix: A List of Crowdfunding Platforms for Scientific Projects
	Open Access
	References
17 Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing in the Sciences
	Abstract
	What is Open Innovation and What is Crowdsourcing?
	How Scientists Employ Crowdsourcing
	Perspective 1: Contributing to a Crowdsourcing Process (Open Science)
	Perspective 2: Obtaining Support for One’s Own Science (Citizen Science)
	Innocentive (www.innocentive.com)
		Forms of Challenges and Competitions
		Registration, Profile and CV
	Innoget (www.innoget.com)
	SolutionXchange (www.solutionxchange.com)
	One Billion Minds (www.onebillionminds.com)
	Presans (www.presans.com)
	Inpama (www.inpama.com)
	Marblar (www.marblar.com)
	A Landscape of Today’s Platforms: Summary
	Risks in Crowdsourcing Science
	Outlook: What the Future Might Bring
	Open Access
	References
18 The Social Factor of Open Science
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The Transition from Science to Open Science
	The Importance of Network Science for Research Relevance
	Aspects of the Social Web in Open Science
		The Basic Principles of Search Engines: Relevance and Reputation
		Identification of the Protagonists
		Ascertaining a Quality Factor from Likes, Dislikes, Assessments and Comments
		Crowd Editing
		Suggestion Systems for Articles During the Writing Process
		Example of Academic Writing
	Parallels to Search Engines
		Similar Problems to Those of Search Engines
		Similar Solutions to Those of Search Engines
	Open Access
	References
Part IVCases, Recipes and How-Tos
19 Creative Commons Licences
	Abstract
	Open Access
20 Organizing Collaboration on Scientific Publications: From Email Lists to Cloud Services
	Open Access
21 Unique Identifiers for Researchers
	Abstract
	The Problem
	Unique Identifiers as a Solution
	ORCID Registry
	Outlook
	Open Access
22 Challenges of Open Data in Medical Research
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Importance of Data Exchange and Consolidation
	Role of the Patient and its Data
	Role of Open Research Data
	Challenges
	Pooling the Data
	Anonymization, Pseudonymization and Reidentification
	Open Access
	References
23 On the Sociology of Science 2.0
	Abstract
	Open Access
	References
24 How This Book was Created Using Collaborative Authoring and Cloud Tools
	Abstract
	How this Book was Created
	Open Access
25 History II.O
	Abstract
	Introduction: Issues and Opportunities of Open History and 2.0
	History 2.0: Developments, Directions and Conclusions
	Types of Collaboration in Research Crowd Sourcing Projects
	Conceptual Questions and Challenges
	Conclusions
	Open Access
	References
26 Making Data Citeable: DataCite
	Abstract
	Open Access
About the Authors