Open Issues in Core Collapse Supernova Theory (2005)(en)(460s)

CONTENTS......Page 12
PREFACE......Page 8
Section 1 Overview......Page 16
1. The Core Collapse Supernova Paradigm......Page 18
2. Neutrino Transport......Page 21
3. Fluid Instabilities......Page 24
4. Rotation......Page 26
5. Magnetic Fields......Page 27
6. Neutrino Interactions......Page 29
7. Equation of State......Page 31
9. Neutrino Mass and Mixing......Page 34
10. The Future......Page 36
References......Page 37
Section 2 Fundamental Issues in Radiation Magnet ohydrodynamics......Page 42
1. The “So What?” Question: Why Radiation Transport Matters......Page 44
2.1. Classical and Quantum Properties of the Radiation Field......Page 45
2.1.1. The Boltzmann Description of Radiative Transfer......Page 46
2.1.2. The Einstein CoefJicients and the Planck Distribution......Page 48
2.1.3. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) and KirchofS‘s law......Page 50
2.1.4. The Equilibrium Radiation Field......Page 52
2.1.5. Assumptions of a Kinetic Theory and the Micro-physical Foundations of Radiative Transfer......Page 53
3. The Diffusion Approximation......Page 54
3.1. Variable Eddington Factors......Page 55
3.2. Multi-Group Diffusion......Page 56
3.3. The Planckian Diffusion Equation......Page 58
3.4. Some Observations Regarding Diffusion......Page 59
3.5. Transport Corrected Diffusion: Flux Limiters......Page 60
4. Numerical Methods for Diffusion......Page 62
4.1.1. Finite Difference......Page 63
4.1.2. Finite Element and Pert Operators......Page 65
4.1.3. Local Support Operators......Page 68
4.2. Multi-group and Planckian Diffusion......Page 69
4.2.1. Multi-group DifSusion: Partial Temperature......Page 70
4.2.2. Multi-group Diffusion: Iterative Grey Methods......Page 71
References......Page 80
1. Introduction......Page 82
2. MRI Basics......Page 84
3. Disks and Stars......Page 88
4. Accretion Disk Simulations......Page 91
5. Implications for Supernovae......Page 93
References......Page 95
Section 3 The Core Collapse Supernova Mechanism......Page 96
1.2. 1970 Collapse of a Rotating Magnetized Star......Page 98
1.5. Burn of in-falling matter......Page 99
1.8. Neutron Fingers......Page 100
1.11. Equation of State at Very High Density......Page 101
1.14. Neutrinos From Gravitational Collapse......Page 102
1.17. Pions in Supranuclear Matter......Page 107
2.1. Supernovae Explosions Induced By White Dwarf Passing a Black Hole......Page 108
2.2. A Model For The Supernova Remnant Near Sagittarius Black Hole......Page 109
2.3. Core Instabilities I n Collapse Supernovae......Page 110
2.4. Recent Collapse Supernova Calculations and the R-process......Page 112
References......Page 113
1. Inroduction......Page 114
2. Convection......Page 115
2.1. l2 C(a, y)16 0 Reaction Rate and Convection......Page 120
2.2. Weak Interactions......Page 123
2.3. Rotation......Page 124
2.4. Rotation and Mass Loss......Page 128
2.5. Rotation and Magnetic Fields......Page 129
2.7. Conclusions......Page 131
References......Page 132
1. Introduction......Page 138
1.2. Shock Dynamics......Page 139
2. Modeling Supernova Dynamics......Page 140
3. Spherical Accretion Shock Instability......Page 142
4. Code Validation......Page 145
5. Non-Linear Evolution......Page 146
6. Three-Dimensional Simulations......Page 148
7. Conclusions......Page 149
References......Page 150
OPEN ISSUES IN CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE - PROGENITORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS C. L. FRYER, G. ROCKEFELLER, F. X. TIMMES......Page 151
1. Computing Core-Collapse Supernovae......Page 152
2. Issues with Progenitors......Page 153
3. Multi-Dimensional Hydrodynamics......Page 157
3.1. Shocks and Diffusion......Page 158
4. Angular Momentum......Page 165
5 . Prospects for the Future......Page 168
References......Page 170
1. Introduction......Page 171
2. Results of Spectropolarimetry......Page 172
3. Asymmetric Core Collapse......Page 173
4. The Magneto-Rotational Instability and Core Collapse......Page 175
6. Dynamo Theory and Saturation Fields......Page 178
7. Neutrino Transport......Page 180
8. Recent Work on Magnetic Core Collapse......Page 181
9. Conclusions......Page 187
References......Page 188
1. Introduction: The Supernova “Problem”......Page 191
2. The Components of a Supernova Simulation......Page 192
3. V2D: A New Code for Two-Dimensional Radiation Hydrodynamics......Page 198
3.1. Neutrino Transport Implementation......Page 199
3.2. Equation of State......Page 200
4. Initial Results......Page 201
4.2. Lagrangean Collapse Calculations......Page 202
4.3. Eulerian 2-D Calculations......Page 203
4.4. The Onset of Convection......Page 205
References......Page 209
1. The Challenges of Core-collapse Supernovae......Page 211
2. History of Neutrino Radiation Hydrodynamics......Page 215
3. GenASzS: Philosophy and Basic Features......Page 219
4. Magnetohydrodynamics......Page 221
5. Newtonian Gravity......Page 226
6. Neutrino Radiation Transport......Page 228
References......Page 230
Section 4 Neutrino Mixing......Page 234
1. Introduction......Page 236
2. Matter-Enhanced Active-Active Neutrino Flavor Transformat ion......Page 239
2.1. Coherent Neutrino Flavor Conversion above the Neutrino Sphere: Coping with Macroscopic Coherence......Page 240
2.2. Collision-Mediated Neutrino Flavor Conversion......Page 250
3. Neutrino Flavor Transformation Effects in Shock Re-Heating and the r-Process......Page 253
References......Page 257
Section 5 Neutrino Interactions......Page 260
1. Introduction......Page 262
2. The Shell Model Monte Carlo method......Page 266
3. Nuclear Hamiltonians and Numerical Traces......Page 268
4. Shifted-Contour Method for Shell Model Monte Carlo Calculations for nuclear structure......Page 271
References......Page 275
NEUTRINO-NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS IN CORE COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE W. R. HIX, A. MEZZACAPPA, D. J. DEAN......Page 277
1. Introduction......Page 278
2. Electron capture in massive stars and supernovae......Page 279
3. Re-examination of the role of heavy nuclei......Page 282
4. Open Issues......Page 288
References......Page 292
1. Introduction......Page 294
2. Early evolution of the proto-neutron star......Page 295
3. Neutrino Interactions in Nucleon Matter......Page 296
3.1. p=1012 g/cm3......Page 297
3.2. p=1013 g/cm3......Page 299
3.3. p=1014g/cm3:......Page 300
3.4. Nuclear Response: Open issues......Page 301
4.1. Heterogeneous Phases: Eflects of First Order Transitions......Page 303
4.2. Effects of Quark Superconductivity......Page 305
4.3. Neutrino Interactions with Goldstone bosons......Page 307
References......Page 309
1. Introduction......Page 311
2. Core Collapse and Neutrinos......Page 312
2.1. Neutrino’s Participation During Infall......Page 313
2.2. Importance of Particle Physics......Page 314
2.3. Ejgcects of Neutrino Flavor Changing......Page 315
3. Interactions and Cross Sections......Page 316
3.1. Neutrino Nuclear Scattering......Page 317
4. Quantifying the Effects Of Neutrino FCNC’s......Page 318
5 . Conclusion......Page 319
NEUTRINO PROCESSES IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS HUAIYU DUAN......Page 320
1. Introduction......Page 321
2.1. General Effects of Magnetic Fields......Page 322
2.2. Heating Processes......Page 324
2.3. Cooling Processes......Page 326
3. Application to Core-Collapse Supernovae......Page 328
Acknowledgements......Page 329
References......Page 330
Section 6 The Equation of State......Page 332
THE EQUATION OF STATE FOR BARYONIC MATTER J. RIKOVSKA STONE......Page 334
1.2. Equation of State at T=O......Page 335
2.1.1. Empirical Models......Page 340
2.1.2. Non-Relativistic Density Dependent Effective Interactions......Page 341
2.1.3. Meson-Exchange Between Point-Like Nucleons......Page 342
2.1.4. Meson Exchange Between Quarks......Page 344
2.2. Application of the EOS to Astrophysical Problems......Page 345
2.2.2. Homogeneous Phase......Page 346
2.2.3. EOS for Supernova and Neutron-Star Models at T#O......Page 347
3.1. The Skyrme Models......Page 349
3.2. Other Constraints......Page 352
4.2. EOS based on One-Gluon-Exchange Quark Model......Page 354
5. Conclusions......Page 357
References......Page 358
1. Introduction: QCD in the Supernova Problem......Page 361
2. QCD basics......Page 362
3.1. What hadrons exist; more generally, what phases of strongly interacting matter exist in nature ?......Page 363
3.2.1. Defining the problem......Page 367
3.2.2. Meson exchange models......Page 368
3.2.3. Quark-glum models......Page 371
3.3. What is the baryon pair interaction VBB,(T)?......Page 375
3.4. Future......Page 378
References......Page 379
Section 7 Nucleosynthesis and Light Curves......Page 382
1. Introduction......Page 406
2. Solution of the Matrix......Page 409
3. A Model of Nucleosynthesis Behind the Supernova Shock......Page 410
4. Some Details of the Matrix Solutions......Page 415
5. A Comparison with Operator Splitting......Page 422
6. Conclusions......Page 423
References......Page 424
1. Introduction......Page 426
2. Neutrinos from Accretion Disks......Page 427
3. Outflow from Accretion Disks......Page 429
4. Nucleosynthesis in the Outflow of Accretion Disks......Page 432
6. Conclusions......Page 433
References......Page 434
1. Introduction......Page 436
2. Motivations......Page 441
2.1. Spectropolarimetry......Page 442
2.2. SN/GRB Connection......Page 444
2.4. Observations within the Milky Way: SN Remnants and Pulsars......Page 445
3.1. Prospects for Spectroscopic Inversion......Page 446
3.2. Direct Analysis......Page 447
3.3. Detailed Analysis......Page 449
4. Multidimensional Models......Page 450
5. Conclusion......Page 452
References......Page 453
1. The Source of Supernova Lightcurves......Page 456
2. High Energy Emission from Asymmetric Supernovae......Page 457
2.1. Asymmetries in 1987A: The Need for Single Lobe Ezplosions......Page 458
2.2. Asymmetries i n 1987A: Open Issues for the High Energy Continuum......Page 461
Acknowledgments......Page 464
References......Page 465
1. Introduction and motivations......Page 466
2. Properties of supernova neutrino fluxes and density profile of the star......Page 467
3. Conversion in the star, jump probability and 613......Page 468
4, Earth matter effects......Page 470
5. Probing 613 and the mass hierarchy......Page 471
5.1. Analyzing the Earth matter efFects......Page 472
References......Page 474
1. Supernovae and the Origins of the Elements......Page 384
2. Current Modeling of Core Collapse Supernova Nucleosynthesis......Page 385
3.1. Open Issue: Convection and Asphericity......Page 388
3.2. Open Issue: Neutrino Interactions......Page 391
4. The Future......Page 394
4.1. Tools: Nuclear Statistical Equilibrim......Page 396
4.2. Tools: Merging Equilibria with Reaction Networks......Page 398
5 . Conclusion......Page 401
References......Page 403