Op Amps for Everyone

2.5 Thevenin’s Theorem......Page 0
2.2 Laws of Physics......Page 5
2.3 Voltage Divider Rule......Page 7
2.4 Current Divider Rule......Page 8
2.6 Superposition......Page 12
2.7 Calculation of a Saturated Transistor Circuit......Page 13
2.8 Transistor Amplifier......Page 14
3.1 Ideal Op Amp Assumptions......Page 17
3.2 The Noninverting Op Amp......Page 19
3.3 The Inverting Op Amp......Page 20
3.4 The Adder......Page 21
3.5 The Differential Amplifier......Page 22
3.6 Complex Feedback Networks......Page 23
3.8 Capacitors......Page 25
3.9 Summary......Page 27
4.1 Single Supply versus Dual Supply......Page 29
4.2 Circuit Analysis......Page 31
4.3 Simultaneous Equations......Page 36
4.4 Summary......Page 50
5.2 Block Diagram Math and Manipulations......Page 51
5.3 Feedback Equation and Stability......Page 56
5.4 Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits......Page 57
5.5 Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Understanding Stability......Page 62
5.6 The Second Order Equation and Ringing/Overshoot Predictions......Page 65
5.7 References......Page 66
6.1 Introduction......Page 67
6.2 Review of the Canonical Equations......Page 68
6.3 Noninverting Op Amps......Page 71
6.4 Inverting Op Amps......Page 72
6.5 Differential Op Amps......Page 74
7.1 Introduction......Page 77
7.2 Internal Compensation......Page 78
7.3 External Compensation, Stability, and Performance......Page 84
7.4 Dominant-Pole Compensation......Page 85
7.5 Gain Compensation......Page 88
7.6 Lead Compensation......Page 89
7.7 Compensated Attenuator Applied to Op Amp......Page 92
7.8 Lead-Lag Compensation......Page 94
7.9 Comparison of Compensation Schemes......Page 96
7.10 Conclusions......Page 97
8.2 CFA Model......Page 99
8.3 Development of the Stability Equation......Page 100
8.4 The Noninverting CFA......Page 101
8.5 The Inverting CFA......Page 103
8.6 Stability Analysis......Page 105
8.7 Selection of the Feedback Resistor......Page 107
8.8 Stability and Input Capacitance......Page 109
8.9 Stability and Feedback Capacitance......Page 110
8.10 Compensation of CF and CG......Page 111
8.11 Summary......Page 112
9.1 Introduction......Page 113
9.2 Precision......Page 114
9.3 Bandwidth......Page 115
9.4 Stability......Page 118
9.5 Impedance......Page 119
9.6 Equation Comparison......Page 120
10.2 Characterization......Page 123
10.3 Types of Noise......Page 126
10.4 Noise Colors......Page 132
10.5 Op Amp Noise......Page 134
10.6 Putting It All Together......Page 141
10.7 References......Page 145
11.1 Introduction......Page 147
11.2 Operational Amplifier Parameter Glossary......Page 148
11.3 Additional Parameter Information......Page 154
12.1 Introduction......Page 169
12.2 Transducer Types......Page 174
12.3 Design Procedure......Page 179
12.5 Reference Voltage Characterization......Page 180
12.6 Transducer Characterization......Page 181
12.8 Op Amp Selection......Page 183
12.9 Amplifier Circuit Design......Page 184
12.12 References......Page 191
13.2 Wireless Systems......Page 193
13.3 Selection of ADCs/DACs......Page 198
13.4 Factors Influencing the Choice of Op Amps......Page 202
13.5 Anti-Aliasing Filters......Page 203
13.6 Communication D/A Converter Reconstruction Filter......Page 205
13.7 External Vref Circuits for ADCs/ DACs......Page 207
13.8 High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circuits......Page 210
13.9 References......Page 214
14.2 Load Characteristics......Page 215
14.3 Understanding the D/A Converter and its Specifications......Page 216
14.4 D/A Converter Error Budget......Page 220
14.5 D/A Converter Errors and Parameters......Page 224
14.6 Compensating For DAC Capacitance......Page 232
14.7 Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier Current and Voltage......Page 233
15.2 Requirements for Oscillation......Page 239
15.3 Phase Shift in the Oscillator......Page 241
15.4 Gain in the Oscillator......Page 242
15.5 Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on the Oscillator......Page 243
15.6 Analysis of the Oscillator Operation (Circuit)......Page 245
15.7 Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits......Page 247
15.8 References......Page 260
16.1 Introduction......Page 261
16.2 Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters......Page 262
16.3 Low-Pass Filter Design......Page 271
16.4 High-Pass Filter Design......Page 281
16.5 Band-Pass Filter Design......Page 287
16.6 Band-Rejection Filter Design......Page 296
16.7 All-Pass Filter Design......Page 301
16.8 Practical Design Hints......Page 307
16.9 Filter Coefficient Tables......Page 315
16.10 References......Page 323
17.1 General Considerations......Page 325
17.2 PCB Mechanical Construction......Page 327
17.3 Grounding......Page 331
17.4 The Frequency Characteristics of Passive Components......Page 335
17.5 Decoupling......Page 344
17.6 Input and Output Isolation......Page 347
17.7 Packages......Page 348
17.8 Summary......Page 352
17.9 References......Page 353
18.1 Introduction......Page 355
18.2 Dynamic Range......Page 357
18.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio......Page 359
18.4 Input Common-Mode Range......Page 360
18.5 Output Voltage Swing......Page 365
18.6 Shutdown and Low Current Drain......Page 366
18.8 Transducer to ADC Analog Interface......Page 367
18.9 DAC to Actuator Analog Interface......Page 370
18.10 Comparison of Op Amps......Page 374
18.11 Summary......Page 376
A.1 Introduction......Page 379
A.2 Boundary Conditions......Page 382
A.3 Amplifiers......Page 383
A.4 Computing Circuits......Page 402
A.5 Oscillators......Page 415
B Single-Supply Op Amp Selection Guide......Page 423