Ontologies: A Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce

Ontologies: Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce......Page 2
Preface......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 3
1 Introduction......Page 5
Fig. 1 One technology, three application areas.......Page 6
Fig. 2 A purchase order in EDIFACT.......Page 10
2 Ontologies......Page 12
Fig. 3 The meta ontology for specifying research topics in (KA)2.......Page 16
3.1 The pitfalls of current information search......Page 18
3.1.2 Information presentation and access is limited......Page 19
3.1.3 How to collect distributed information......Page 20
3.1.4 How to collect implicit information......Page 21
3.2 How Ontobroker overcomes these limitations......Page 22
3.2.1.1 The Annotation Language......Page 23
Fig. 7 An example for an annotated web page.......Page 24
Fig. 8 An excerpt of an ontology (taken from [Benjamins et al., 1999]).......Page 25
3.2.1.3 The Query Languages......Page 26
Fig. 9 Stages and Languages used in the Inference Engine.......Page 27
Fig. 10 The tabular query interface.......Page 28
Fig. 11 The hyperbolic ontology interface.......Page 30
3.3 The Future beyond Ontobroker......Page 29
3.3.1.1 The Database Manager: Decoupling Inference and Query Response......Page 31
Fig. 12 On2brokers Architecture.......Page 32
3.3.1.2 The Info Agent......Page 33
3.3.1.3 Conclusions......Page 34
Fig. 13 The architecture of On-To-Knowledge.......Page 35
3.3.3 IBROW: Brokering dynamic reasoning services in the WWW......Page 36
3.4 The service pyramid......Page 37
Fig. 15 Three layers of service.......Page 38
4.1.1 Introduction......Page 39
4.1.2 Shopbots......Page 40
Fig. 16 The architecture of shopbots.......Page 41
Fig. 17 Bargainfinder (http://bf.cstar.ac.com/bf).......Page 42
Fig. 18 Response of Bargainfinder.......Page 43
Fig. 19 Jango (http://www.jango.com)......Page 44
Fig. 20 Lifestyle Finder.......Page 45
4.1.4 On-line Market Places......Page 46
Fig. 21 WebWatcher......Page 47
4.1.5 Electronic Commerce, Agents, and XML......Page 48
Fig. 22 Electronic Commerce: Three Models.......Page 49
Fig. 23 Out-sourced Translation service.......Page 50
4.2.3 Chemdex (www.chemdex.com)......Page 51
4.2.5 VerticalNet (www.verticalnet.com)......Page 52
4.2.6 Conclusions......Page 53
5 The basic technology: XML, XSL, and XML-QL......Page 54
Fig. 26 The three aspects for standardization.......Page 55
Fig. 27 A simple HTML example.......Page 56
3 References References can be used to write symbols in a text that would otherwise be interprete.........Page 57
5.3 What are DTDs......Page 58
Fig. 29 A simple element declaration.......Page 59
5.5 Extensible Style Language (XSL)......Page 60
5.6 Query Languages for XML......Page 62
Fig. 31 The Resource Description Framework RDF.......Page 63
5.8 Conclusions......Page 64
6.1.1 First-order predicate logic languages CycL and KIF......Page 66
6.1.2 Frame-based Approaches: Ontolingua and Frame Logic......Page 70
Fig. 32 The Frame Ontology of Ontolingua (see [Gruber, 1993]).......Page 71
6.1.3 Description Logics......Page 73
Fig. 33 The grammar of the CLASSIC language (taken from [Borgida et al., 1989]).......Page 74
Fig. 34 Translation from an ontology into a DTD.......Page 76
6.2.2 RDF and Ontologies......Page 78
Fig. 35 XML representation of RDF statements.......Page 79
6.3.1 XOL......Page 80
6.3.2 OIL......Page 81
Fig. 38 The XOL DTD (see http://www.ontologos.org/Ontology/XOL.htm).......Page 83
Fig. 39 The three roots of OIL.......Page 82
7 Conclusions......Page 85
Fig. 40 The Knowledge Web in Cyberspace.......Page 86
8 References......Page 87
9.2 Ontology standards......Page 98
9.3 SE standards (see [Staudt et al., 1999])......Page 100
9.4 WWW standards......Page 101
9.5 Text, Video, and Metadata standards [Manola 1998]......Page 102
9.6 Electronic Commerce Standards [Li, to appear]......Page 103
9.7 Electronic Commerce Portals......Page 105