Online–Dating für Dummies (Für Dummies)

Contributors
Preface
Foreword
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to photoplethysmography
	1.1 Principle of photoplethysmography
	1.2 History of photoplethysmography
	1.3 Chapter overview
	References
Chapter 2: The origin of photoplethysmography
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 PPG basic working principle
	2.3 Theoretical background
		2.3.1 The generic Beer–Lambert law
		2.3.2 The modified Beer–Lambert law
		2.3.3 TheBeer–Lambertlawwithmultipleabsorbers
		2.3.4 The Beer–Lambert law in PPG
		2.3.5 The Beer–Lambert law in pulseoximetry
	2.4 The origin of the photoplethysmogram
		2.4.1 Different hypotheses relating to the origin of PPG signal
		2.4.2 Light–tissue interactions in photoplethysmography
		2.4.3 Optical path and penetration depth analysis
		2.4.4 Optical absorbance analysis
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Photoplethysmography technology
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Single Wavelength Instrumentation
		3.2.1 Optical components
		3.2.2 Emitter driver
		3.2.3 Transimpedance amplifier
		3.2.4 Signal conditioning
		3.2.5 Analog-to-digital conversion
	3.3 Multiwavelength instrumentation
		3.3.1 Multi-wavelengthemitterdrivers
		3.3.2 TIA
		3.3.3 Sample-and-holdamplifier
	3.4 Future Trends
	References
Chapter 4: Photoplethysmography signal processing and synthesis
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Photoplethysmogram Signal
		4.2.1 Physiological origins
		4.2.2 Presentation of the photoplethysmogram signal
		4.2.3 Signal acquisition
	4.3 Photoplethysmogram Signal Processing
		4.3.1 Preprocessing
		4.3.2 Time domain analysis
		4.3.3 Frequency domain analysis
		4.3.4 Machine learning
		4.3.5 Nonlinear analysis in phase space
		4.3.6 Estimating physiological parameters
	4.4 Photoplethysmogram Signal Synthesis
		4.4.1 Simulating photoplethysmogram pulse waves
		4.4.2 Simulating photoplethysmogram signals
	4.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 5: Photoplethysmography in oxygenation and blood volume measurements
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 PPG in pulseoximetry
		5.2.1 Oxygen saturation
		5.2.2 The optical properties of hemoglobin
		5.2.3 History of pulseoximetry
		5.2.4 Principles of conventional pulseoximetry
		5.2.5 Pulseoximetry technology
		5.2.6 Measurement sites
		5.2.7 Applications of pulseoximetry
		5.2.8 Limitations of pulseoximetry
		5.2.9 Future of pulseoximetry
	5.3 PPG for assessing tissue blood volume and perfusion
		5.3.1 Blood volume assessment with PPG
		5.3.2 The perfusion index
		5.3.3 PPG in tissue oxygenation alongside perfusion and blood volume measurements
	5.4 Summary
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 6: Photoplethysmography for the assessment of peripheral vascular disease
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 PPG assessment of the peripheral arteries
		6.2.1 PPG technology and measurement considerations
		6.2.2 PPG detection of occlusive peripheral arterial disease
	6.3 PPG for microcirculation assessment
		6.3.1 Microvascular blood flow and tissue viability
		6.3.2 Vasospastic conditions(Raynaud’s phenomenon)
	6.4 PPG for venous assessment
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Photoplethysmographic assessment of arterial stiffness and endothelial function
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Arterial stiffness
		7.2.1 Structure and stiffness of elastic arteries
		7.2.2 Clinical significance of arterial stiffness
		7.2.3 Arterial stiffness measurement using photoplethysmography
	7.3 Endothelial function
		7.3.1 Anatomy and function of the endothelium
		7.3.2 Endothelial dysfunction and its clinical importance
		7.3.3 Measurement of endothelial function by flow-mediated vasodilatation
		7.3.4 Signal processing of PPG-based FMD
		7.3.5 Representative studies of EF assessment using PPG
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Low-frequency variability in photoplethysmography and autonomic function assessment
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Vasomotor waves and PPG variability
		8.2.1 Low frequency changes in PPG pulse features and quantification
		8.2.2 Changes in PPG with controlled respiratory challenges
		8.2.3 Changes in PPG pulses with controlled body tilt maneuver
	8.3 Monitoring of blood pressure variability, pulseratevariability, and heart-rate-variability
		8.3.1 Blood pressure variability and tracking
		8.3.2 Pulse rate variability assessment
	8.4 Wider application areas for PPG in autonomic-related assessments
		8.4.1 Sleep studies
		8.4.2 Pregnancy monitoring
		8.4.3 Pain assessment
		8.4.4 Mental health and wellbeing
		8.4.5 Other neurophysiological assessments using PPG
		8.4.6 PPG applications in unique and challenging situations
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Physical and physiological interpretations of the PPG signal
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Plethysmography
	9.3 Interpretation of the photoplethysmographic signal
		9.3.1 Light absorption increase due to blood volume increase during systole
		9.3.2 PPG in a rigid envelope and systolic flow increase model
		9.3.3 Linearity of the PPG signal with blood volume increase
		9.3.4 Cardiac-induced blood volume pulses in veins
	9.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: PPG in clinical monitoring
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Clinical monitoring uses
		10.2.1 Blood oxygen saturation
		10.2.2 Cardiac arrhythmia,heart-rate-variability, and pulse transit time measurement
		10.2.3 Respiratory rate
		10.2.4 Blood pressure
		10.2.5 Cardiac output
	10.3 PPG waveform morphology assessments
		10.3.1 Time domain analysis (pulse amplitude and other parameters)
		10.3.2 Dicrotic notch and PPG augmentation index
		10.3.3 Local arterial compliance
		10.3.4 PPG and functional hemodynamics
	10.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11: Photoplethysmography in noninvasive blood pressure monitoring
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Clinical BP measurement methods
	11.3 Photoplethysmography
	11.4 Volume clamping via finger cuff-PPG devices
	11.5 Oscillometry via PPG-force sensor units
	11.6 Pulse transit time detected via PPG waveform(s)
	11.7 PPG waveform feature extraction
	11.8 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 12: Wearable photoplethysmography devices
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Overview
		12.1.2 Recommended reading
	12.2 Hardware configurations for wearable photoplethysmography devices
		12.2.1 Measurement site
		12.2.2 Sensor design
		12.2.3 Additional signals
	12.3 Physiological parameters
		12.3.1 Heart rate
		12.3.2 Identifying an irregular pulse
		12.3.3 Arterial oxygen saturation(SpO2)
		12.3.4 Respiratory rate
		12.3.5 Blood pressure
		12.3.6 Sleep assessment
		12.3.7 Energy expenditure
		12.3.8 Maximal oxygen consumption
		12.3.9 Pulse rate variability
		12.3.10 Arterial stiffness
	12.4 Commercially available devices
		12.4.1 Form factors
		12.4.2 Functionality
		12.4.3 Marketing models
		12.4.4 Batteries
	12.5 Applications
		12.5.1 Menstrual cycle monitoring
		12.5.2 Identifying orthostatic hypotension
		12.5.3 Seizure detection in epilepsy
		12.5.4 Anesthesia and pain monitoring
		12.5.5 Chronic kidney disease monitoring
		12.5.6 Biometric authentication
		12.5.7 Health insurance
	12.6 Conclusion and future work
		12.6.1 Areas for future work
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 13: Imaging photoplethysmography and its applications
	13.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of imaging photoplethysmography
	13.2 Heart rate and heart-rate-variability monitoring
	13.3 Evaluation of neurogenic reactivity and fractional blood flow of the musculocutaneous vessels
	13.4 Objective early diagnosis of Raynaud’s phenomenon assessing vascular response to coldex posure by IPPG
	13.5 IPPG to assess endothelial function during heat exposure
	13.6 Revealing microcirculation parameters in scleroderma skin lesions
	13.7 Assessment of vascular reactivity in response to topical capsaicin application and other pharmacological impact
	13.8 Intraoperative monitoring of cortical blood flow parameters
	13.9 Identification of functioning skin capillaries
	13.10 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 14: Photoplethysmography: New trends and future directions
	14.1 Photoplethysmography in biometrics
		14.1.1 Introduction
		14.1.2 Methodsof PPG biometrics
		14.1.3 Summary
	14.2 Photoplethysmography phantoms and simulators
		14.2.1 Introduction
		14.2.2 PPG phantoms
		14.2.3 PPG simulators
		14.2.4 Summary
	14.3 Future directions
	References
Index