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دانلود کتاب Oncologic Critical Care
دانلود کتاب مراقبت های ویژه انکولوژیک
مشخصات کتاب
Oncologic Critical Care
ویرایش: نویسندگان: Joseph L. Nates, Kristen J. Price (eds.) سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9783319745879, 9783319745893 ناشر: Springer سال نشر: 2020 تعداد صفحات: [2045] زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 42 Mb
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توجه داشته باشید کتاب مراقبت های ویژه انکولوژیک نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب مراقبت های ویژه انکولوژیک
این کار مرجع اصلی جامع ترین منبع در مورد مراقبت های ویژه انکولوژیک است. این متن تمام جنبه‌های مهم اقدامات ICU انکولوژیک را با تمرکز ویژه بر چالش‌هایی که در تشخیص و مدیریت جمعیت بیماران سرطانی بدحال با آن مواجه می‌شوند، مرور می‌کند. این متن شامل بیش از 140 فصل است، موضوعاتی مانند سازماندهی و مدیریت یک ICU انکولوژیک، بیماری ها و عوارضی که در ICU انکولوژیک، مراقبت های چند رشته ای، مراقبت های جراحی، پزشکی انتقال خون، جمعیت های خاص بیماران، روش های مراقبت های ویژه، اخلاق، درد مشاهده می شود را بررسی می کند. مدیریت و مراقبت تسکینی نوشته شده توسط متخصصان جهانی در این زمینه، مراقبت های حیاتی انکولوژیک منبع ارزشمندی برای متخصصان، ارائه دهندگان خدمات پیشرفته، پرستاران و سایر ارائه دهندگان مراقبت های بهداشتی است که به بسته شدن شکاف های دانش و آموزشی قابل توجه در حوزه مراقبت های پزشکی برای بیماران مبتلا به سرطان بدحال کمک می کند.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
This major reference work is the most comprehensive resource on oncologic critical care. The text reviews all significant aspects of oncologic ICU practices, with a particular focus on challenges encountered in the diagnosis and management of the critically ill cancer patient population. Comprised of over 140 chapters, the text explores such topics as the organization and management of an oncologic ICU, diseases and complications encountered in the oncologic ICU, multidisciplinary care, surgical care, transfusion medicine, special patient populations, critical care procedures, ethics, pain management, and palliative care. Written by worldwide experts in the field, Oncologic Critical Care is a valuable resource for intensivists, advance practice providers, nurses, and other healthcare providers, that will help close significant knowledge and educational gaps within the realm of medical care for critically ill cancer patients.
فهرست مطالب
Preface The Growing Need for Organized Oncologic Critical Care Services Introduction Oncologic Critical Care: The Birth of a New Subspecialty Acknowledgments Contents About the Editors Section Editors Contributors Part I: Organization and Management of an Oncologic Critical Care Unit 1 Oncologic Critical Care Department Organization Introduction The ICU Best Practice Committee ICU Clinical Operations Committee Quality and Safety Committee Staff Education Committee ICU Clinical Practice/Effectiveness and Evidence-Based Healthcare Committee Clinical Informatics Committee ICU Staff Wellness Committee Patient/Family and Caregiver Engagement Committee Research and Publications Committee: Critical Care Conclusion References 2 ICU Utilization Introduction ICU Beds and Utilization ICU and Hospital Mortality Costs Specialty ICUs Best Practices in ICU Optimization Critical Care Organizations Conclusion References 3 Critical Care Admissions and Discharge Criteria in Cancer Patients Introduction What Has Changed to Improve the Prognosis of Cancer Patients in ICUs? Better Results, but at What Cost? Organizational Aspects of the ICUs Oncologic vs General ICUs: Volume of Cases Multidisciplinary Care Early Warning and Admissions Admission Policies Admission Criteria The Patient and Their Characteristics Tumor Type and Stage Reason for Admission New Strategies of ICU Admission ICU Discharge Summary References 4 ICU Staffing, Models, and Outcomes Introduction Open Versus Closed ICUs Leapfrog Group Standards Staffing Models Associated Costs in Various Models Associated Outcomes with 24-Hour In-house Intensivists Patient Ratios Burnout Syndrome in Intensivists Summary References 5 Multidisciplinary Care of Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Nursing Reasons for ICU Admission Complications of the Oncologic Critical Care Patient Compassion Fatigue Nutrition Nutrition Screening and Assessment Malnutrition Interventions Feeding Tube Placement in the Setting of Thrombocytopenia Physical and Occupational Therapy Early Mobility in the ICU Patient Support in the Oncologic ICU Patient Support Routine ICU Care Social Work and Patient Advocacy Role of the Social Worker in the Intensive Care Unit Social Worker Training Activities and Barriers Role of the Patient Advocate in the Intensive Care Unit Patient Advocate Training Chaplaincy History of the Chaplain Professional Training Role of the Chaplain Assessment Tools Outcomes and Efficacy of Chaplaincy Conclusion References 6 Advanced Practice Providers in the Oncologic Intensive Care Unit Introduction Evolution of APP Role in the ICU APP Role in the Oncological ICU Outcomes of APP Role in ICU Advanced Practice Nursing and Professional Regulatory Requirements Credentialing Privileging Competency Professional Processes and Evaluation of APP Practice Implications to Clinical Practice Conclusion References 7 Early Warning Systems and Oncological Critical Care Units Introduction Principles of Early Warning Systems Evolution of Early Warning Systems Evidence for Early Warning Systems Predictive Value Weighted Vital Sign Prediction Outcomes Human Factors and Infrastructure Familiarity Hierarchy and Division of Labor Infrastructure Early Warning Systems in an Oncology Population Immunotherapy Chemotherapy Conclusion References 8 Rapid Response Team (RRT) in Critical Care Introduction Evolution of Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) Rapid Response Team and Its Components Implementation of Rapid Response Team Subset of Rapid Response Team Pulmonary Embolism Team Sepsis Response Oncologic Considerations Implications to Clinical Practice Conclusion References 9 Quality Assurance and Improvement in the Intensive Care Unit Introduction Methods/Models to Improve Care Use of Evidence-Based Practice The Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) Conceptual Framework Additional Quality Improvement Models Use of Safety Reporting Medication Errors Agencies to Evaluate Quality and Safety General Programs Oncology Programs ICU Specific Programs Identifying ICU Performance Metrics Conducting Quality Improvement Summary References 10 Patient Risk Prediction Model Introduction Unique Characteristics of Cancer Patients Outcome Prognosticators System-Specific Factors Critical Care Improvements Case Volume Mix and Admission Policies Multidisciplinary Approach Patient-Specific Factors Age Performance Status Cancer-Specific Factors Neoplastic Disease and Treatment Acute Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation Organ Failure Neutropenia Solid Organ Versus Hematological Malignancy Repeated Critical Care Admissions The ICU Trial Outcome Prediction Models Outcomes Following Elective Cancer Surgery Long-Term Quality of Life and Morbidity Conclusions References 11 Outcomes in Critically Ill Oncologic Patients Introduction Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with Solid Tumors Outcome of Critically Ill Patients with Hematological Malignancies Admission of Patients with Cancer to the Intensive Care Unit Early ICU Admission Impact of Chemotherapy in Critically Ill Patients with HMs Conclusion References Part II: Pharmacologic Considerations for the ICU Cancer Patient 12 Role of the Clinical Pharmacist in the Oncologic Intensive Care Unit Introduction Roles and Responsibilities of the Critical Care Clinical Pharmacist Impact of Clinical Pharmacy Services in the ICU Considerations in Critically Ill Oncology Patients Conclusion References 13 Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in the Critically Ill Oncology Population Introduction Incidence of Clinically Important Bleeding Risk Factors for Clinically Important Bleeding Clinical Considerations in the Critically Ill Oncology Population Prolonged/Severe Thrombocytopenia Corticosteroid Use Chemotherapy or Radiation-Induced Upper GI Mucosal Injury Pharmacological Management PPIs Versus H2RAs: Efficacy PPIs Versus H2RAs: Safety Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) Pneumonia Thrombocytopenia Clinical Controversies with SUP Acid Suppressive Therapy Versus Placebo in Patients Receiving Early Enteral Nutrition Current Guideline Recommendations Conclusion References 14 Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in High-Risk Oncology Patients Introduction Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Considerations in the Oncologic Critically Ill Patient Conclusion References 15 Considerations for Medications Commonly Utilized in the Oncology Population in the Intensive Care Unit Introduction Antimicrobial Agents Gram Positive Agents Gram Negative Agents Antiviral Agents Antifungal Agents Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia Antiepileptics Immunosuppressants Antifibrinolytic/Antihemophilic Agents Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH) Thrombocytopenia Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Gastrointestinal (GI) Bleeding Thrombolytics Uric Acid Reducing Agents Hypercalcemia of Malignancy/Hypercalcemia Management Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists Growth Factors Antidotes References 16 Complications and Toxicities Associated with Cancer Therapies in the Intensive Care Unit Introduction Toxicities of Anticancer Therapy References 17 Supportive Care Considerations and Nutrition Support for Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Nutrition Assessment Refeeding Syndrome Routes of Access Enteral Nutrition Common Indications Enteral Formula Selection Considerations Enteral Nutrition Protocols Monitoring Enteral Nutrition Complications of EN Nausea/Vomiting Constipation Diarrhea Bowel Ischemia Aspiration Hyperglycemia Overfeeding Parenteral Nutrition and Supplemental Parenteral Nutrition Complications of PN Hyperglycemia Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease Hypertriglyceridemia Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection Special Populations Renal Dysfunction Hepatic Dysfunction Stem Cell Transplantation Obesity Conclusion References Part III: Dermatologic Complications 18 Graft Versus Host Disease (GHVD) in Critically Ill Oncologic Patients Introduction Etiology and Pathophysiology GVHD Clinical Features and Impact on Intensive Care Acute GVHD Chronic GVHD GVHD Prevention/Treatment and Their Impact on Intensive Care GVHD Prevention GVHD Treatment Immunosuppression Due to GVHD Treatment Prognosis References 19 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) Introduction Etiology Medications Infections Malignancies Other Causes Epidemiology Genetics Pathophysiology Clinical Features Mucocutaneous Manifestations Ophthalmologic Manifestations Bronchial Manifestations GI Manifestations Renal Manifestations Hematologic Manifestations Endocrine Manifestations Other Manifestations and Laboratory Markers Histopathology Diagnosis Management Nonpharmacologic Management/Supportive Care Pharmacologic Management Steroids Cyclosporine IVIg Plasmapheresis Thalidomide Prevention Prognosis References 20 Mycosis Fungoides in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Staging Clinical Stages Management Algorithm Nonpharmacologic Treatment Phototherapy (UVB or PUVA) Local Radiation Extracorporeal Photopheresis Pharmacologic Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Topical Chemotherapy Topical Retinoid Imiquimod Methotrexate Systemic Chemotherapy Systemic Retinoids Interferon Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Brentuximab Vedotin Denileukin Diftitox Infections Prognosis Conclusion References Part IV: Neurologic Diseases 21 Delirium and Psychosis in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Definition Diagnosis Epidemiology Prevalence Risk Factors Pathophysiology Neuroinflammation Neurotransmitters Structural Changes Neurological Aging Prevention Pain Management Sedation Management Early Mobilization Improving Sleep Multicomponent Intervention Pharmacologic Prophylaxis Treatment Conclusion References 22 Medication-Induced Neurotoxicity in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity Introduction Vinca Alkaloids Taxanes Platinum Analogues Antimetabolites Other Antimetabolites Other Management Future Directions Opiates-Induced Neurotoxicity Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations and Management Sedation and Drowsiness Delirium and Cognitive Impairment Myoclonus Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia (OIH) Future Directives Antiepileptic Drugs-Induced Neurotoxicity Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Management of AED Neurotoxicity Future Directives Immunosuppressants Neurotoxicity Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Neuroimaging Management Future Directions References 23 Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Epidemiology Etiology Brain Tumors Systemic Malignancy Intracranial Metastasis Chemotherapy-Induced Seizures Cranial Irradiation Paraneoplastic Syndromes Other Causes Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Management of SE Pharmacologic Management of Underlying Etiology of Seizures and SE Long-Term Therapy for Prevention of Seizures in Oncologic Patients Prognosis Summary References 24 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) in Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Imaging Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination Laboratory Work Electroencephalogram Management Pharmacologic Management Nonpharmacologic Management Blood Pressure Control Seizures Electrolytes Cerebral Edema Thrombocytopenia Cerebral Hemorrhage Prognosis Conclusion References 25 Stroke in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Non-pharmacologic Prognosis Conclusion References 26 Intracranial Hemorrhage Focused on Cancer and Hemato-oncologic Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Non-pharmacologic Management Algorithm Prognosis Conclusion References 27 Increased Intracranial Pressure in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Monroe and Kellie Doctrine Etiologies of Increased ICP [35] Effect of Increased ICP Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Assessment of Intracranial Compliance and Elastance Pressure Autoregulation (Fig. 3) ICP and Outcome Management of Increased ICP Specific Therapy First-Tier Therapies Second-Tier Therapies: Osmotherapy Third-Tier Therapy ICP and Malignancy Role of Surgery: Last Resort Therapy Supportive Care Role of Multimodality Monitoring Upcoming Therapies Conclusion References 28 Leptomeningeal Disease in Solid Cancers Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Neuroimaging CSF Studies Neurological Assessment Differential Diagnosis Management Pharmacological Treatments Systemic Therapies Breast Cancer Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Melanoma Intrathecal Chemotherapy Non-pharmacological Treatments Radiation Surgery Supportive Care Prognosis Future Directions Conclusion References 29 Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis History and Physical Examination Imaging Tissue Diagnosis Management Options Initial Care Assessment of Spinal Stability Pharmacological Treatments Radiation Therapy Surgical Management Prognosis References 30 Frequent Central Nervous System (CNS) Infections in the Immunosuppressed Patient Introduction Epidemiology Classification Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment References Part V: Respiratory Diseases 31 Acute and Chronic Respiratory Failure in Cancer Patients Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Etiology Pulmonary Infections in the Cancer Patient Bacterial Pneumonia Viral Pneumonia Opportunistic Infections CMV Pneumonia Pulmonary Aspergillosis Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Nocardia Fungal Pneumonia Noninfectious Parenchymal Disorders ARDS and ARDS Mimics Radiation Injury and Fibrosis Drug-Induced Lung Injury Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury and Circulatory Overload (TRALI/TACO) Organizing Pneumonia Parenchymal Disorders Common to HCT Patients Peri-Engraftment Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PERDS) Idiopathic Pneumonia Syndrome Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH) Vascular Disorders Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Leukostasis Cardiac Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure Congestive Heart Failure Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease Other Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure Pleural Effusions Diagnosis Diagnostic Studies Management Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation and High-Flow Nasal Oxygenation Preparation for Mechanical Ventilation Treatment Strategies for Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Ventilatory Therapies for Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Prognosis References 32 Noninvasive Oxygen Therapies in Oncologic Patients Introduction Spectrum of ARF in Oncologic Patients What Is Unique About ARF in Oncologic Versus Nononcologic Patients Cause of ARF Diagnostic Challenge Frailty Increased Mortality Long-Term Outcomes Trajectory Hematologic Malignancy Versus Solid Tumor Noninvasive Oxygen Modalities Continuous Oxygen Therapy Noninvasive Ventilation High-Flow Nasal Cannula Evidence of NIV General Population Immunocompromised and Oncologic Patients Noninvasive Ventilation in Early ARF Versus Conventional Oxygen Therapy to Prevent Intubation Noninvasive Ventilation in ARDS Versus Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (via Intubation) Theories of Harm Associated with NIV Is There a Role for NIV in Oncologic Patients with ARDS? Evidence for HFNC General Population Immunocompromised and Oncologic Population Conclusions References 33 Respiratory Support Strategies and Nonconventional Ventilation Modes in Oncologic Critical Care Introduction Nonconventional Ventilation Modes Biphasic Ventilation High-Frequency Ventilation Pressure-Regulated Volume Control (PRVC) Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist Ventilation (NAVA) ECMO Conclusion References 34 Prone Ventilatory Therapy in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Non-pharmacologic Prognosis References 35 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Principles of ECMO Extracorporeal Gas Exchange Circulatory Support General Indications and Clinical Data ECMO in Cancer Patients Cancer Patients Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Indications for ECMO in Cancer Patients Contraindications for ECMO in Cancer Patients Special Considerations for the Management of Cancer Patients on ECMO Bleeding and Anticoagulation Ventilatory Management and Infection Control Chemotherapy on ECMO Ethical Considerations Summary References 36 Cancer Treatment-Related Lung Injury Introduction Chemotherapy-Induced Lung Injury General Principals Incidence and Risk Factors Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Histopathologic Features of DILD Specific Clinical and Histopathologic Patterns of DILD Lung Injury Associated with Cancer Immunotherapies Immune Checkpoint Blocking Agents Genetically Engineered Immunotherapies Radiation-Induced Lung Injury Clinical Presentation Radiation Recall Pneumonitis Other Manifestations of Radiation-Induced Lung Injury Management of Radiation-Induced Lung Injury References 37 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Cancer Patients Introduction Definition and Pathogenesis of ALI and ARDS Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS Etiology and Predisposing Factors of ARDS in the Cancer Patient Primary and Secondary Triggers of ALI/ARDS in the Cancer Patient Pneumonia/Opportunistic Infections Drug-Induced Acute Lung Injury (ALI)/ARDS Postoperative ARDS ALI/ARDS Post Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant ALI/ARDS Due to Pulmonary Spread of Tumor: Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis and Pulmonary Leukostasis Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Workup of ALI/ARDS Cancer-Related ALI/ARDS: Outcomes and Treatment Treatment Pharmacologic Therapies Noninvasive and Invasive Ventilation Sedation and Neuromuscular Blockade Conclusion References 38 Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References 39 Differentiation (Retinoic Acid) Syndrome in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Physiopathology Clinical Features Symptoms and Signs Laboratory Imaging Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Non-pharmacologic Management Algorithm Prognosis Summary References 40 Pneumonia in the Cancer Patient Introduction Mechanisms of Susceptibility Anatomical Contributions Innate Immune Dysfunction Neutrophil Defects Lymphocyte Dysfunction Other Mechanisms Critical Illness Notable Pathogens Bacteria Fungi Viruses Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Studies Imaging Respiratory Samples Non-respiratory Samples Management Prevention Pharmacologic Therapies Non-pharmacologic Therapies Prognosis Conclusion References 41 Late Noninfectious Pulmonary Complications in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Introduction Bronchiolitis Obliterans Clinical Features and Diagnosis Risk Factors and Pathogenesis Treatment Clinical Course and Prognosis Idiopathic Pneumonia Syndrome Pathogenesis and Risk Factors Clinical Features and Diagnosis Treatment Clinical Course and Prognosis Organizing Pneumonia Clinical Features and Diagnosis Risk Factors and Pathogenesis Treatment Clinical Course and Prognosis Pulmonary Venocclusive Disease Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Pulmonary Cytolytic Thrombi Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis Thoracic Air Leak Syndrome Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder Conclusion References 42 Pleural Disease: Malignant and Benign Pleural Effusions Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Etiology Diagnosis Confirmation of the Effusion: Imaging Studies Classification as Transudates or Exudates Identifying the Underlying Cause Clinical Relevance Pleural Effusion Drainage Continuous or Repetitive Drainage Permanent Catheters Pleural Effusion in Malignant Neoplasms Conclusion References 43 Management of Tracheobronchial Diseases in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Hemoptysis Etiology, Severity, and Prognosis of Hemoptysis Initial Evaluation of Hemoptysis Management of Hemoptysis Central Airway Obstruction Clinical Presentation and Evaluation of Central Airway Obstruction Management of Central Airway Obstruction Conclusion References 44 Tracheostomy Introduction Epidemiology Indications Upper Airway Obstruction Respiratory Failure and Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation Expected Benefits Mortality Patient Comfort and Sedation Requirements Long-Term Airway Complications Reduce the Length of Mechanical Ventilation or ICU Stay Reduce the Risk of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Contraindications Appropriate Timing Appropriate Technique Conclusion References 45 Pulmonary Hypertension in an Oncologic Intensive Care Unit Introduction Etiology Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) Surgery in Patients with Preexisting PAH Epidemiology PAH Pathophysiology Preload Afterload Contractility and Perfusion Chronic PH Clinical Features Diagnosis Echocardiography Right Heart Catheterization (RHC) Management Stabilize and Identify Triggers Optimize Preload Oxygenation and Ventilation Reduce Right Ventricular (RV) Afterload Optimize RV Contractility and Perfusion Pharmacologic Treatment Modalities Nitric oxide Prostacyclins Other pulmonary vasodilators Nonpharmacologic Treatment Modalities Balloon Atrial Septostomy (BAS) Mechanical Circulatory Support Transplantation End-of-Life Care Prognosis Conclusion References 46 Sleep Disorders in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Sleep Disturbances in the Cancer Patient Sleep in the ICU Sleep in the Critically Ill Cancer Patient Conclusion References Part VI: Cardiovascular Diseases 47 Acute Coronary Syndrome, Thrombocytopenia, and Antiplatelet Therapy in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology and Pathophysiology Acute Coronary Syndromes Thrombocytopenia Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Challenges Management Pharmacologic Antiplatelet Therapy Strategies to Minimize DAPT Duration Risk Scores Platelet Function Tests Stent Thrombosis Risk Evaluation Perioperative Management of Antiplatelet Therapy Anticoagulation in Cancer Thrombolytic Therapy Non-pharmacologic Invasive Approach Stent Types Management Algorithm Prognosis References 48 Arrhythmias in Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Diagnosis Bradyarrhythmias Tachyarrhythmias Narrow Complex Tachycardias Wide Complex Tachycardias QT Prolongation Management Acute Management Management of Bradycardia Management of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices During MRI Management of Patients with CIEDs During Radiation Therapy Management of Tachycardia Management of QT Prolongation Summary References 49 Hemodynamic Evaluation and Echocardiography in the Oncologic Intensive Care Unit Introduction Hemodynamics Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output Left Ventricle Systolic Function Right Ventricle Dimension, Systolic Function, and Pulmonary Artery Pressures Diastolic Ventricular Function and Estimation of Filling Pressures Volume Status Assessment and Prediction of Fluid Responsiveness Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Hypertension Pericardial Disease Shock Conditions Cardiac Tumors Transesophageal Echocardiography Suboptimal Transthoracic Images Intracardiac Thrombus Assessment of Valvular Pathology Post-cardiac Surgery Tamponade Aortic Dissection Conclusion References 50 Hemodynamic Evaluation and Minimally Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Hemodynamic Evaluation Common Pathophysiology During Critical Illness Related to Cancer Hemodynamic Monitoring Macro-hemodynamic Monitors Preload Monitoring Cardiac Output Monitoring Shifting Trend in Cardiac Output Measurement Less Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring Minimally Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring Arterial Waveform Analysis Doppler Flow Measurement Noninvasive Cardiac Output Monitoring Echocardiography Microcirculation Monitor Application of Hemodynamic Monitoring Conclusion References 51 Interventional Cardiology in the Cancer Patient Introduction Ischemic Heart Disease Coronary Artery Pressure Flow Assessment Acute Coronary Syndromes Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Device-Based Therapies for Heart Failure Pericardial Effusions and Pericardiocentesis Endomyocardial Biopsy Chemotherapy-Induced Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy Cardiac Tumors Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies Structural Valve Disease Peripheral Vascular Disease Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Induced Vascular Disease Radiation-Induced Vascular Disease Radiation-Induced Heart Disease References 52 Management of Pericardial Effusions/Tamponade in Cancer Patients Introduction Epidemiology Anatomy of the Pericardium Causes of Effusions Clinical Features Diagnostic Modalities Imaging Echocardiogram Computed Tomography (CT) Scan Electrocardiogram Laboratory Analysis and Cytology Management Cardiac Tamponade Technique Catheter Removal Special Circumstances Prognosis References 53 Chemotherapy-Related Cardiovascular Complications Introduction Etiology Acute Coronary Syndrome Heart Failure Chemotherapy-Related Arrhythmia Myocarditis Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Acute Aortic Dissection Hypertensive Emergency Pericardial Effusion Epidemiology Acute Coronary Syndrome Heart Failure Chemotherapy-Related Arrhythmia Myocarditis Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Acute Aortic Dissection Hypertensive Emergency Pericardial Effusion Pathophysiology Acute Coronary Syndrome Heart Failure Chemotherapy-Related Arrhythmia Myocarditis Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Acute Aortic Dissection Hypertensive Emergency Pericardial Effusion Clinical Features Acute Coronary Syndrome Heart Failure Chemotherapy-Related Arrhythmia Myocarditis Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Acute Aortic Dissection Hypertensive Emergency Pericardial Effusion Diagnosis Acute Coronary Syndrome Heart Failure Chemotherapy-Related Arrhythmia Myocarditis Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Acute Aortic Dissection Hypertensive Emergency Pericardial Effusion Management Acute Coronary Syndrome Heart Failure Chemotherapy-Related Arrhythmia Myocarditis Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Acute Aortic Dissection Hypertensive Emergency Pericardial Effusion Prognosis Acute Coronary Syndrome Heart Failure Chemotherapy-Related Arrhythmia Myocarditis Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Acute Aortic Dissection Hypertensive Emergency Pericardial Effusion Conclusion References 54 Outcomes After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Cancer Patient Introduction Immediate Survival Post-cardiac Arrest Clinical Variables Pertinent to Post-Cardiac Arrest Outcomes Location of CPR: In-Hospital and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Type of Cancer and Staging Age, Comorbidities, and Functional Status Rhythm and Characteristics of CPR Other Variables Long-Term Survival Discussing Advance Directives, Suitability of CPR, and Barriers Conclusion References Part VII: Gastrointestinal Disease 55 Acute Abdomen in Cancer Patients Introduction Malignant Bowel Obstruction Typhlitis/Neutropenic Enterocolitis Radiation Enteritis Gastrointestinal Perforations Intestinal Graft Versus Host Disease After Treatment Mesenteric and Bowel Ischemia Conclusion References 56 Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Management Pharmacological Therapies Nonpharmacological Therapies Prognosis Conclusion References 57 Endoscopic and Pharmacologic Management of Upper GI Bleeding Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Resuscitation Transfusions Management of Antithrombotic Agents Pharmacologic Management of Nonvariceal Upper GI Bleeding Preendoscopic Management Intraendoscopic Management Postendoscopic Management Pharmacologic Management of Variceal Upper GI Bleeding Preendoscopic Management Intraendoscopic Management Postendoscopy Management Prognosis Management Algorithms Conclusion References 58 Malignant Ascites in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Physiopathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Definitions of IAP Physiopathology Treatment Technique Prognosis Conclusions References 59 Hepatobiliary Diseases in the Cancer Patient Leading to Critical Illness Acute Liver Failure Introduction Etiology Pathogenesis Management Considerations Etiology Specific Management Organ System Specific Management Hepatic Encephalopathy Grade I-II Hepatic Encephalopathy Grade III-IV Hepatic Encephalopathy Acute Lung Injury Coagulopathy Risk of Infection and Sepsis Acute Kidney Injury Prognosis and the Role of Transplantation Liver Transplant in Cancer Patients with Acute Liver Failure Hepatic Tumor Rupture Introduction Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Management Transarterial Embolization Surgical Hemostasis Prognosis Pyogenic Liver Abscess Introduction Etiology Pathogenesis and Risk Factors Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Management Considerations Medical Management Percutaneous Drainage Surgical Drainage Prognosis Variceal Hemorrhage in Patients with Portal Hypertension Introduction Etiology and Pathogenesis Diagnostic and Management Considerations Medical Management of Variceal Hemorrhage Endoscopic Management of Variceal Hemorrhage Prognosis of Variceal Hemorrhage Cholangitis and Cancer Introduction Pathogenesis Diagnostic and Management Considerations Diagnostic Imaging Supportive Care and Empiric Antibiotic Therapy Endoscopic or Percutaneous Drainage Acute Cholecystitis Introduction Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Considerations Management Considerations Prognosis Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis Introduction Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Considerations Management Considerations Prognosis References Part VIII: Renal and Genitourinary Disease 60 Acute Renal Failure in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Definition Incidence and Outcome Evaluation Prevention and Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury Specific Circumstances Hematological Malignancies Multiple Myeloma Thrombotic Microangiopathy Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Graft Versus Host Disease Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome Thrombotic Microangiopathy Tumor Lysis Syndrome Renal Cell Cancer Urinary Tract Obstruction Hypercalcemia of Malignancy Drug Therapy Traditional Chemotherapy Targeted Therapies Immunomodulators Summary References 61 Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy (Timing) Modalities Dialysis Hemofiltration Isolated Ultrafiltration Methods Intensity of Dialysis Anticoagulation Special Considerations Myeloma Cast Nephropathy Drug Clearance Conclusions References 62 Hematuria in the Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References 63 Hemorrhagic Cystitis in the Critically Ill Cancer Patient Introduction Etiology Noninfectious Hemorrhagic Cystitis Infectious Hemorrhagic Cystitis Radiation Induced HC Epidemiology Clinical Features Prevention and Treatment Intravesical Therapy Systemic Therapy Surgical Intervention Prognosis Conclusion References 64 Obstructive Uropathy in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Conclusion References Part IX: Metabolic/Endocrine Complications 65 Adrenal Emergencies in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Adrenal Insufficiency Introduction Etiology Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency Tertiary Adrenal Insufficiency Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs) Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) Primary AI Secondary AI Tertiary AI Treatment Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs) Adrenal Crisis CIRCI Perioperative Stress-Dose Steroids Prognosis Pheochromocytoma Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Conclusion References 66 Carcinoid Crisis in the Intensive Care Unit Introduction Clinical Features Etiology Pathophysiology Differential Diagnosis Risk Factors Management Conclusion References 67 Thyroid Emergencies in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Myxedema Coma Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features CNS Manifestations Respiratory Manifestations Cardiac Manifestations Dermatologic and Gastrointestinal Manifestations Renal Manifestations Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Non-pharmacologic Management Algorithm Prognosis Thyroid Storm Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Pharmacological Non-pharmacological Management Algorithm Prognosis Non-thyroidal Illness Syndrome Conclusion References 68 Electrolytic Abnormalities Related to Calcium in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Calcium Homeostasis Hypercalcemia Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy (HHM) Local Osteolytic Hypercalcemia Tumor Production of 1,25(OH)2D Ectopic PTH Secretion Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Fluids and Diuresis Bisphosphonate Therapy Other Agents and Hemodialysis Prognosis Hypocalcemia Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References 69 Electrolytic Abnormalities Related to Phosphate in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Phosphate Homeostasis Hyperphosphatemia Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Hypophosphatemia Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References 70 Electrolytic Abnormalities Related to Sodium in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Sodium Homeostasis Hypernatremia Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Hyponatremia Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References 71 Electrolytic Abnormalities Related to Potassium in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Potassium Homeostasis Hyperkalemia Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Hypokalemia Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References 72 Electrolytic Abnormalities Related to Magnesium in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Magnesium Homeostasis Hypermagnesemia Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Hypomagnesemia Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References 73 Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Hyperglycemia Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia Sepsis and Infections Drug-Related Hyperglycemia Parenteral Nutrition Hypoglycemia Epidemiology Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Pathophysiology Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusions References Part X: Hematologic Diseases 74 Benign Hematological Diseases in Cancer Patients Introduction Anemia Hypoproliferative Anemia Anemia Due to Red Blood Cell Destruction Anemia from Blood Loss Diagnosing Anemia Treating Anemia Thrombocytopenia Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia Non-chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia Immune Thrombocytopenia DIC Thrombotic Microangiopathies Hypersplenism Neutropenia Congenital Neutropenia Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia Non-chemotherapy Drug-Related Neutropenia Diseases Associated with Neutropenia Coagulopathy Coagulopathy in Cancer Patients Other Causes of Coagulopathy Management of Coagulopathy Hypercoagulability Mechanisms of Hypercoagulability Inherited Hypercoagulability Acquired Hypercoagulability Occult Cancer and Hypercoagulability Testing for Hypercoagulability Conclusion References 75 Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Epidemiology TTP HUS CM-HUS Pathophysiology TTP HUS Clinical Features TTP HUS CM-HUS Diagnosis TTP HUS CM-HUS Management TTP HUS CM-HUS Prognosis TTP HUS Complement-Mediated HUS Conclusion Cross-References References 76 Tumor Lysis Syndrome in the Cancer Patient Introduction Etiology Diagnosis Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Uric Acid Potassium Phosphorus and Calcium Acute Kidney Injury Risk Factors and Predictors of TLS Tumor-Related Factors Patient-Related Risk Factors Risk Classification Management Prevention and Treatment Volume Expansion and Diuretics Hypouricemic Agents Allopurinol Febuxostat Rasburicase Urine Alkalinization Electrolyte Management Hyperkalemia Hyperphosphatemia Hypocalcemia Indication for Dialysis Indications for Intensive Care Unit Management Summary References 77 Blast Crisis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Introduction Definition Epidemiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis and Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Work-Up (Fig. 3) Treatment Approach (Algorithm - Fig. 4) Emergency and Supportive Management Definitive Therapy Conclusion References 78 Hyperleukocytosis in Cancer Patients Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features and Diagnostics Management Summary References 79 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in the Cancer Patient Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology of Secondary HLH Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References Part XI: Transfusion Medicine 80 Statistics in Blood Collection and Transfusion Introduction Global Collection and Transfusion of Blood The United States Blood Supply Blood Component Use and Adverse Events The Production of Plasma Derivatives Hemovigilance Programs Summary References 81 Blood Components Introduction Collection of Blood Characteristics and Storage Conditions of Blood Components Whole Blood Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Platelets Plasma Cryoprecipitate Granulocytes Modifications of Blood Components Leukoreduction Irradiation Washing Summary References 82 Transfusion Reactions Introduction Acute Transfusion Reactions Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions Febrile Non-hemolytic Transfusion Reactions Allergic Transfusion Reactions Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO) Hypotensive Reactions to Transfusion Transfusion-Associated Sepsis (TAS)/Bacterial Contamination Thermal Effect Metabolic Complications Initial Management of a Suspected Acute Transfusion Reaction Delayed Transfusion Reactions Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease (TA-GVHD) Posttransfusion Purpura (PTP) Iron Overload References 83 Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) Introduction Frequency of TRALI Pathogenesis of TRALI Mitigation Measures Workup and Differential Diagnosis Management of TRALI and Suspected TRALI References 84 Alternatives to Blood Products Introduction Not Ordering Blood Products Declining Use of Blood Products Improving Blood Production Iron Replacement Therapy Folate and Vitamin B12 Supplementation Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents Alternatives to Prevent/Stop Bleeding Surgical Techniques as Transfusion Alternatives Synthetic Blood Products Summary Recommendations References 85 Massive Transfusion Protocols (MTPs) in Cancer Patients Introduction Definition Massive Transfusion Massive Transfusion Protocol at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Summary References 86 Guidelines for Blood Transfusion in Patients Introduction RBC Transfusion Platelet Transfusion Plasma Transfusion Cryoprecipitate Transfusion Granulocyte Transfusion Transfusion Alternatives and Bloodless Medicine Bloodless Medicine Summary References Part XII: Vascular Complications 87 Management of Arterial Bleeding in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology and Epidemiology Pathophysiology and Clinical Features Diagnosis and Management Carotid Artery Blowout Hemoptysis Hematuria Artery to Bowel Fistula Postoperative Pseudoaneurysms Prognosis References 88 Prevention and Management of Venous Thromboembolism in the Cancer Patient Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Prevention Diagnosis Compression Ultrasonography Computed Tomography (CT) Pulmonary Angiography Echocardiography Ventilation-Perfusion Scanning Management Risk Stratification Hemodynamic and Respiratory Support Systemic Anticoagulation Other Treatment Options Catheter-Directed Therapies Inferior Vena Cava Filters Prognosis References 89 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Etiology: Less Common Causes Epidemiology Pathophysiology Anatomy and Physiology Management Guidelines and Algorithms: [8] Clinical Characteristics Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Imaging Diagnosis Treatment Other Treatment Modalities Anticoagulation Treatment Complications Prognosis Conclusions Future Directions References 90 Catheter-Related Deep Vein Thrombosis in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Catheter-Specific Risk Factors Catheter Location Catheter Type Catheter Placement Technique Clinical Implications of Thrombosis Prevention/Prophylaxis Treatment Summary References Part XIII: Infectious Diseases 91 Infection Prevention in Critical Care Settings General Aspects of Hospital-Acquired Infections Aim and Structure of an Infection Prevention Program General Aspects of Infection Prevention Hand Hygiene Isolation Precautions and Communicable Diseases Sterile Techniques Specific Infection Prevention Measures Against Nosocomial Infections Bundles for Device-Related Infections Screening Techniques Monitoring Outcomes and Performance Evaluation Special Considerations in the Critically Ill Oncologic Patient References 92 Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Antimicrobial Usage in Cancer Patients Goals of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Cancer Patients The Antimicrobial Stewardship Team Specific Antimicrobial Stewardship Strategies Formulary Restriction and Preauthorization Prospective Audit with Intervention and Feedback Formulary Management Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Antimicrobial Cycling and/or Heterogeneity Education Institutional Guidelines and Pathways De-escalation of Therapy Transition from Parenteral to Oral Therapy Role of the Microbiology Laboratory Monitoring and Measuring Outcomes Summary and Future Directions References 93 Neutropenic Fever in the Intensive Care Unit Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Neutropenic Fever Neutropenic Sepsis Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Prophylaxis in Neutropenic Patients Before Neutropenic Fever Develops Antimicrobial Therapy in Neutropenic Fever and Sepsis Hematopoietic Growth Factors Granulocyte Transfusions Non-pharmacologic Management Algorithm Prognosis Conclusion and Summary References 94 Sepsis and Septic Shock in Cancer Patients Introduction Terminology Etiology Pathophysiology Epidemiology Mortality Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References 95 Management of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction How Bacterial Resistance Develops Multidrug Resistance Definitions Epidemiology Treatment in AmpC and ESBL Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors (BL/BLIs) Carbapenems Aminoglycosides Tigecycline Fosfomycin Fluoroquinolones Treatment in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Monotherapy Versus Combined Therapy Carbapenems Polymyxins Tigecycline Aminoglycosides Fosfomycin New Molecules Ceftazidime-Avibactam Ceftolozane-Tazobactam Ceftaroline-Avibactam Novel Carbapenemase Plazomicin Eravacycline Strategies in Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria Other Measures to Prevent MDR Bacterial Infections Conclusions References 96 Fungal Infections in Cancer Patients Introduction Candidiasis in the ICU Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Features Clinical Aspects of IC in the ICU Diagnosis Prediction Rules for IC in ICU Patients Management Pharmacologic Treatment of IC in the ICU Prophylaxis Preemptive Therapy for IC in ICU Patients with Cancer Treatment of Documented Candida Infection Nonpharmacologic Management Algorithm (See Fig. 2) Prognosis Aspergillosis in the ICU Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Nonpharmacologic Prognosis Mucormycosis and Other Unusual Fungal Infections in the ICU Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia (PJP) Infection Control Antifungal Stewardship Conclusions and Future Directions References 97 Viral Infections in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Clinically Relevant Viruses in the Critically Ill Patient Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostics Treatment Prevention Cytomegalovirus Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostics Treatment Prevention Influenza Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostics Treatment Prevention Respiratory Syncytial Virus Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostics Treatment Prevention Less Frequent Viral Infections Enterovirus Adenovirus Arboviruses Dengue Chikungunya Zika Ebola Seasonal Viruses References 98 Bacterial and Atypical Infections in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria Epidemiology Pathophysiology Anatomical Barriers Disruption Neutropenia Malnutrition Dysbiosis Clinical Features Bloodstream Infections Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Respiratory Failure Urinary Tract Infections Community and Healthcare-Acquired Pneumonia Surgical Site Infections Febrile Neutropenia Sepsis Pseudomembranous Colitis and C. difficile-Associated Diarrhea Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Non-pharmacologic Prognosis Summary References 99 Catheter- and Device-Related Infections in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Background Type of Central Venous Catheters Risk Factors Pathogenesis of CLABSI Endoluminal Route Extraluminal Route Biofilm Formation Microbiology Clinical Manifestations and Definitions Local Catheter Infections Phlebitis Exit Site Infection Tunnel Infection Pocket Infection Systemic Manifestations of Catheter Infections Diagnosis Catheter-Sparing Diagnostic Techniques Diagnostic Methods Requiring Catheter Removal Semiquantitative Roll-Plate Catheter Culture Quantitative Catheter Segment Cultures Prevention Antimicrobial Impregnation and Coating of Catheters Antimicrobial Lock Therapy Management Non-pharmacological Treatment (Catheter Management) Catheter Removal Catheter Exchange over a Guidewire Using Antimicrobial-Coated CVC Catheter Salvage Lock Therapy Pharmacological Therapy (Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy) Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus Species (CoNs) Staphylococcus aureus Enterococcus Species Gram-Negative Bacilli Candida Species Other Gram-Positive Organisms Management Algorithm Conclusion References 100 Nosocomial Infections and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Cancer Patients Nosocomial Infections Introduction Incidence, Etiology, and Impact of Nosocomial Infections Risk Factors Treatment and Prevention of Nosocomial Infections Strategies for the Prevention of Nosocomial Infections Nosocomial Pneumonia Definition of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Incidence of VAP Pathogenesis of VAP Etiology of VAP Diagnosis of VAP Microbiological Methods for Diagnosis of VAP Biomarkers for Diagnosing VAP Antimicrobial Treatment Guidelines for Management of Nosocomial Pneumonia Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics in the Lung Non-resolving Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention of VAP Non-ventilated Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (NV-HAP) or Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI) Definition Risk Factors Management of Nosocomial CAUTI Prevention of CAUTI and CAUTI Bundle Surgical Site Infection Prophylaxis for SSI Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Other Methods for Prevention of SSI Conclusion References 101 Parasites in Cancer Patients Introduction Epidemiology Toxoplasma gondii Characteristics Clinical Manifestations Treatment Ascaris lumbricoides (Round Worm) Characteristics Clinical Manifestations Treatment Taenia spp. Characteristics Clinical Manifestations Treatment Strongyloides stercoralis Characteristics Clinical Manifestations Treatment Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) Characteristics Clinical Manifestations Treatment Giardia lamblia Characteristics Clinical Manifestations Treatment Cryptosporidium spp. Characteristics Clinical Manifestations Treatment Cystoisospora belli Characteristics Clinical Manifestations Treatment Entamoeba spp. Characteristics Clinical Manifestations Treatment Blastocystis hominis Characteristics Clinical Manifestations Treatment Conclusions References 102 Tropical Diseases in Cancer Patients Introduction Malaria Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management and Prognosis Dengue Fever Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Chikungunya Fever Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management and Prognosis Zika Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Yellow Fever Etiology and Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Findings Diagnosis Management and Prognosis Conclusion References 103 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Among Cancer Patients Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Cellulitis, Erysipelas, and Skin Abscess Introduction Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Perirectal Infections Introduction Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology Clinical Features and Diagnosis Management Ecthyma Gangrenosum Infected Tumors References Part XIV: Special Patient Populations 104 Practical Approach to the Critically Ill Obstetric Patient with an Oncological Disease Introduction Epidemiology Physiological Changes Associated with Pregnancy Cardiovascular Pulmonary Hematological Gastrointestinal Renal State Identification Management Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Main Complications Associated with Surgical Procedures in Pregnant Patients with Cancer Types of Cancer Associated with Pregnancy Breast Cancer Cervical Cancer Choriocarcinoma Melanoma Hematological Neoplasms Thyroid Cancer Abortion Time to End the Pregnancy Management Algorithm Prognosis Breast Cancer Cervical Cancer Leukemia and Lymphoma Melanoma References 105 What the Intensivist Needs to Know About Leukemia Patients Introduction Tumor Lysis Syndrome Pathophysiology High-Risk Patients Diagnosis Treatment Electrolyte Abnormalities Acute Kidney Injury Conclusion Hyperleukocytosis Pathophysiology Clinical Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Intravenous Hydration Hydroxyurea Cytarabine Leukapheresis Corticosteroids Conclusion Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Pathophysiology Clinical Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Conclusion Cytokine Release Syndrome Pathophysiology Clinical Symptoms and Management Conclusion References 106 What the Intensivists Need to Know About Critically Ill Lymphoma Patients Introduction Tumor Lysis Syndrome Hypercalcemia of Malignancy Lactic Acidosis Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Neutropenic Fever and Sepsis Hemophagocytic Syndromes (Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, HLH) Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone Rituximab-Induced Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Conclusion References 107 What the Intensivists Need to Know About Critically Ill Myeloma Patients Introduction Renal Cardiovascular Infection Pulmonary Metabolic Nervous System Hematologic Conclusion References 108 What the Intensivist Needs to Know About Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation? Introduction Types of Transplant Overview of the Transplant Process Complications After Autologous HSCT Complications of Allogeneic HSCT Pre-engraftment Complications Early Post-engraftment Complications Late Post-engraftment Complications End of Life Issues in HSCT Patients Admitted to the ICU References 109 Radiation Therapy Complications Leading to Critical Illness Introduction Effects of Radiation Therapy Radiation Therapy Delivery Radiation Therapy Modalities Radiation Emergencies Spinal Cord Compression Bone Metastases Brain Metastases Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Uncontrolled Bleeding References Part XV: Critical Care Procedures 110 Management of Airway in the Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Non-pharmacologic Airway Management Management Algorithm Prognosis Summary References 111 Critical Care Procedures by the Advanced Practice Provider Introduction Role of the Advanced Practice Provider Advanced Practice Providers in the Intensive Care Unit Invasive Procedure Education and Training Outcomes of Procedures Performed by APPs Oncologic Considerations CVC and Arterial Line Insertion Site Selection in the Oncologic Patient Central Venous Catheters Arterial Lines Intubation Other Invasive Procedures Conclusion References 112 Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Oncologic Critical Care Introduction Focus Assessed Transthoracic Echo (FATE) Parasternal Long-Axis (PLAX) View Parasternal Short-Axis (PSAX) View Apical Four-Chamber View Subcostal Four-Chamber View Inferior Vena Cava Collapsibility Technique Benefits and Pitfalls Thoracic Ultrasound Technique Pneumothorax Pleural Effusions Interstitial Fluid Pneumonia Appropriateness for Extubation Intracranial Pressure Technique Benefits and Pitfalls Venous Thromboembolism Technique Benefits and Pitfalls Conclusion References 113 Interventional Radiology Procedures in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Central Venous Access Enteric Access Drainage of Obstructed or Infected Fluid Correction of Vascular Obstruction Occlusion of Active Bleeding Pulmonary Embolus Prevention and Treatment Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Central Venous Access Enteric Access Drainage of Obstructed or Infected Fluid Correction of Vascular Obstruction Occlusion of Active Bleeding Pulmonary Embolus Prevention and Treatment Diagnosis Central Venous Access Enteric Access Drainage of Obstructed or Infected Fluid Correction of Vascular Obstruction Occlusion of Active Bleeding Pulmonary Embolus Prevention and Treatment Management Central Venous Access Enteric Access Feeding Gastrostomy Tubes Feeding Gastrojejunostomy Tubes Feeding Jejunostomy Tubes Venting Gastrostomy Tubes Venting Esophageal-Gastrostomy Tubes Drainage of Obstructed or Infected Fluid Abscess Drains Biliary and Cholecystostomy Drains Nephrostomy and Cystostomy Drains Pleural Drainage Correction of Vascular Obstruction Occlusion of Active Bleeding Pulmonary Embolus Prevention and Treatment Prognosis Central Venous Access Enteric Access Drainage of Obstructed or Infected Fluid Correction of Vascular Obstruction Occlusion of Active Bleeding Pulmonary Embolus Prevention and Treatment Summary References Part XVI: Perioperative Management of the Surgical Cancer Patient 114 Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) in the Oncologic Patient Introduction Preoperative Management of the Oncologic Patient Preoperative Education and Counseling Preoperative Nutrition Preoperative Medical Optimization Preoperative Fasting Pain Management Plan Intraoperative Management of the Oncologic Patient Airway Management Nasogastric Intubation Goal Directed Fluid Therapy (GDFT) Pain Management (Multimodal Analgesia) Thromboembolic Prophylaxis Thermoregulation Glycemic Control Postoperative Management of the Oncologic Patient Thromboembolic Prophylaxis Multimodal Pain Management Early Ambulation Rehabilitation Services Postoperative Nausea Vomiting Prevention Nasogastric Intubation Early Feeding Postoperative Ileus Prophylaxis Transurethral Catheter Removal Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy Airway and Ventilatory Management Postoperative Hyperglycemia Management Flap Monitoring Oncologic Considerations and Postoperative Complications Outcomes and Economic Impact of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery in the Surgical Oncology Population Appendix References 115 Neurosurgery and Post-Surgical Care of the Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Features Gliomas Meningiomas Diagnosis Surgical Management Craniotomy Awake Craniotomy Stereotactic Procedures Burr Holes Craniectomy Anesthetic Management Pharmacologic Management Intraoperative Adverse Incidents Postoperative Management Postoperative Complications Postoperative Neurological Deficits and/or Changes Prognosis Conclusion References 116 Skull Base and Endoscopic Procedures in Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Arterial Pressure Viscosity Temperature General Considerations Intracranial Pressure Herniation Syndrome Clinical Features Diagnosis Intraoperative Management Anesthesia Induction Maintenance of Anesthesia Optimizing Cerebral Venous Drainage Intraoperative Fluid Management Emergence Postoperative Hemorrhage Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Meningoencephalocele Meningitis Cerebral Infarction Seizures Nausea and Vomiting Elevated Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Conclusion References 117 Neurosurgery and Spine Procedures in Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Antibiotic Prophylaxis Intraoperative Neurophysiology Monitoring and Drug Pharmacology Anesthetic Effects on Evoked Potentials Blood Loss during the Intraoperative Period Non-pharmacologic Surgical Approaches and Positioning Airway Management Perioperative Vision Loss Management Algorithm Postoperative Airway Management Postoperative Neurologic Monitoring Postoperative Vision Assessment Coagulopathies Pain Management Malnutrition Prevention of Thromboembolism and Early Mobilization Conclusion/Summary Cross-References References 118 Neurosurgery and Pituitary Resection in Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Excess Hormone Production Mechanical Effects Impaired Pituitary Function Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Management Non-pharmacologic Management Radiation Surgical Preoperative Assessment Acromegaly Cushing´s Disease Intraoperative Management Postoperative Period Prognosis Conclusion References 119 Anesthesia for Free Flap Reconstruction After Head and Neck Surgical Resection Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Nasal and Paranasal Sinuses Nasopharynx Hypopharynx, Larynx, and Trachea Oral Cavity and Oropharynx Diagnosis Management Pharmacologic Non-pharmacologic Specific Anesthetic Considerations Free Flap Transfer Management Algorithm Primary Ischemia Reperfusion Secondary Ischemia Causes of Flap Failure Preoperative Perioperative Period Physiological Considerations Viscosity Fluid Therapy Monitoring Temperature Positioning Tension Control/Vasoactive Agents Other Drugs Postoperative Period Postoperative Care Prognosis Conclusion References 120 Head and Neck Surgery in Oncologic Patients: Laryngectomy and Radial Neck Dissection Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Features Pathophysiology Diagnosis Management Anesthetic Management Preoperative Intraoperative Considerations Postoperative: Total Laryngectomy Pharyngocutaneous Fistula Hypocalcemia Infection Hypertension Postoperative: Partial Laryngectomy Postoperative: Radical Neck Dissection Prognosis Conclusion References 121 Plastic Surgery and Flap Graft Management of Radial Forearm, VRAM, and TRAM Flaps in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Features Radial Forearm Free Flap Vertical Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap (VRAM) Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap (TRAM) Management Non-pharmacologic Pharmacologic Prognosis Conclusion References 122 Perioperative Care of the Thoracic Oncologic Patient Undergoing EBUS, Thoracotomy, and Pneumonectomy Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) Staging Management Pharmacologic Management Non-pharmacologic Management Radiation Therapy Surgical Resection Thoracotomy Pneumonectomy Preoperative Risk Assessment Enhanced Recovery After Thoracic Surgery (ERATS) Anesthetic Management of the EBUS Patient Preoperative Evaluation Anesthetic Technique and Airway Considerations Procedural Complications Prognosis Conclusion References 123 Thoracic Surgery and Rigid Bronchoscopy Introduction Etiology Malignant CAO Nonmalignant CAO Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Preoperative Assessment Procedure Interventions Mechanical Debulking and Dilation Thermal Therapy Cold Therapy Airway Stents Silicone Stents Metal Stents Management Pharmacologic Management Nonpharmacologic Management Postoperative Management Prognosis Conclusion References 124 Thoracic Surgery and Esophagectomy Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Staging Management Pharmacologic Chemotherapy and Radiation Non-pharmacologic Endoscopic Management Surgical Management Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Anesthetic Management Postoperative Complications Management Algorithm Prognosis Conclusion References 125 Tumor Thrombectomy Overview and General Concepts Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References 126 Perioperative Management of the Oncologic Patient Undergoing Gastrointestinal Surgery Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Postoperative ICU Management Concerns Conclusion References 127 Perioperative Management of the Oncologic Patient Undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemo... Introduction Etiology and Epidemiology Management Complications Prognosis References 128 Care of the Postoperative Patient with Liver Cancer in the Intensive Care Unit Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Prognosis Conclusion References 129 Pancreatic Surgery in Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Pancreatic Cancer Management Algorithm Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Practice for Pancreatic Surgery Anesthesia Management Preoperative Anesthesia Considerations Intraoperative Anesthesia Management Induction Maintenance Emergence from Anesthesia Postoperative Concerns and Possible Complications Immediate Postoperative Care Most Common Complications Length of Surgical Procedure Postpancreatectomy Hemorrhage (PPH) Prognosis Conclusion References 130 Perioperative Management of the Genitourinary Oncologic Patient Undergoing Partial/Radical Nephrectomy Introduction Etiology Cigarette Smoking Obesity Hypertension Genetic Predisposition Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Evaluation Tissue Diagnosis/Staging Treatment Management Anesthesia Induction and Intraoperative Considerations Emergence and Pain Management Postoperative Management and Complications Conclusion References 131 Total Abdominal Hysterectomy, Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy, and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy in Cancer Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Surgical Staging Management Treatment Recommendations Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Preoperative and Intraoperative Management Pharmacological Management Non-pharmacological Management Surgical Method Pneumoperitoneum Anesthetic Management Postoperative Care Prognosis Conclusion References 132 Orthopedic Surgery and Femoral/Humeral Fracture Repairs Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Preoperative Anesthetic Assessment Room Setup Induction and Maintenance of General Anesthesia Massive Transfusion Considerations Wake-Up and Transport Postoperative Care Prognosis Conclusion References 133 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for the Acute Care Oncology Patient Introduction Etiology and Epidemiology MRI Principles and Equipment Management Pharmacologic Non-pharmacologic Management Algorithm Prognosis Conclusion References 134 Perioperative Management of Breast Cancer Surgery Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features of Breast Cancer and Surgery Latissimus Dorsi (LD) Flap Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous (TRAM) Flap Free Flap (FF) Diagnosis and Diagnostic Imaging Treatment of Breast Cancer Prognosis Cardiovascular Health Bone Health Risk of Secondary Primary Malignancies Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema Thromboembolic Events (TEs) Adherence and Compliance Lifestyle Management Complications After Breast Cancer Surgery Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Preoperative Management Intraoperative Management Postoperative Considerations Conclusion References Part XVII: Pain Management 135 Acute Pain in Critical Care Oncologic Patients Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Features Characteristics of Cancer Pain Pathophysiology of Pain The Importance of Preventing Acute to Chronic Pain Cancer Pain Assessment Versus Acute Pain Assessment Management Comfort Care Non-pharmacological Methods Pharmacologic Therapy (Fig. 2) Interventional Pain Management: Peripheral Nerve Blocks, Neuro-axial Blocks, etc. Opioid Non-opioids Conclusion References 136 Pathophysiology, Assessment, and Treatment of Chronic Cancer Pain in Critically Ill Patients Pathophysiology Assessment Management Nonpharmacological Strategies Opioid Therapy Adjuvant Pharmacotherapy Interventional Options Regional Anesthetic Technique Neurolytic Procedures Neuraxial Procedures Cementation of Bone Conclusion References 137 Substance Withdrawal in ICU Environment Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Management Pharmacologic Non-pharmacologic Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Syndrome Management Pharmacologic Non-pharmacologic Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Management Pharmacologic α2-Adrenergic Agonist (Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine) Propofol Antipsychotic Drugs Ketamine Antiepileptic Drugs Barbiturates Non-pharmacologic Prognosis References Part XVIII: Ethics and Palliative Care 138 Ethical Issues at the End-of-Life in the Cancer Patient Introduction End-of-Life Care: Death Is Not Easy to Talk About Advance Care Planning Physical End-of-Life Care Psychosocial End-of-Life Issues Dealing with ``Medical Futility´´ in a Cancer Care Center Intensive Care Unit Confounding Concerns: Common Issues That Come with Futility The Texas Advance Directives Act (TADA) Suggestions for Physicians Steps to Consider in Talking with Families or Surrogate Decision-Makers Recommended Methods Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Cancer Patient Historical Background Application Communication Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: A Contemporary Ethical Question Ethics Consultation Conclusion References 139 Palliative Care in Critically Ill Cancer Patients Introduction Symptom Management Incidence Symptom Assessment Tools Pain Dyspnea Pharmacological Treatments Non-pharmacological Treatments Delirium Thirst and Xerostomia Spiritual Care for Critically Ill Patients and Their Caregivers Family and Caregivers Communicating with Patients and Families; Goals of Care Conferences/Family Meetings Integration of Palliative Care Barriers to Early Integration and Referral to Palliative Care Withdrawing and Withholding Medical Technology Artificial Nutrition and Hydration Impending Death, Communication, and ``Anticipatory Guidance´´ Conclusion References Part XIX: Pediatric Oncologic Critical Care 140 Oncologic Emergencies in Pediatric Critical Care Introduction Infections Febrile Neutropenia Febrile Neutropenia-Associated Complications Respiratory Infections Bacteremia Neutropenic Enterocolitis Shock in Pediatric Oncology Septic Shock Assessment Treatment Cardiogenic Shock Assessment Management of Cardiogenic Shock Hyperleukocytosis Pathophysiology Treatment Leukapheresis Exchange Transfusion Supportive Care Tumor Lysis Syndrome Pathophysiology Hyperuricemia Hyperkalemia Hyperphosphatemia Hypocalcemia Definition Laboratory TLS Clinical TLS Incidence and Risk Factors Type of Tumor with Low Risk Type of Tumors with Intermediate Risk Type of Tumors with High Risk Assessment and Monitoring Treatment Management of Hyperuricemia Pediatric Mediastinal Tumors Superior Mediastinal Syndrome (SMS) Perioperative Evaluation Pediatric ICU Considerations Anesthetic Considerations Tumor Evaluation Emergency Treatment Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Primary and Metastatic Brain Tumors Effects of Radiotherapy Cytotoxic Edema Communicating and Non-communicating Hydrocephalus Clinical Presentation Increased ICP Hydrocephalus Management Dexamethasone Hyperosmolar Therapy Procedural Therapy Other Therapies Conclusions References 141 Pain Management of Children with Terminal Cancer in the Critical Care Unit Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Diagnosis (Pain Assessment) Management Pharmacologic Management Intractable Pain Palliative Sedation Therapy Nonpharmacologic Pain Management Management Algorithm Conclusion References 142 Delirium in the Pediatric Critical Care Oncologic Patient Introduction Etiology Pathophysiology Epidemiology Incidence Risk Factors Clinical Features Diagnosis Prognosis Management Non-pharmacologic Pharmacologic Management Algorithm Conclusion References 143 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy in the Pediatric Critical Care Introduction Indications and Eligibility for CAR Therapy in Pediatrics CAR Manufacturing Bridging Chemotherapy and Preparative Lymphodepletion Regimens Chimeric Antigen Receptor Infusion Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) CAR T-Cell-Related Encephalopathy Syndrome (CRES) CAR T-Cell Therapy-Related Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) Supportive Care Issues and Pediatric Considerations Tumor Lysis Syndrome Pseudo-progression Other Immune Effector Cell Therapies Late Effects and Long-Term Follow-Up References Index
