Olfaction, taste, and cognition

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 11
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 19
A Tribute to Edmond Roudnitska......Page 21
Notes......Page 22
Section One A Specific Type of Cognition......Page 25
1 Olfaction and Cognition: A Philosophical and Psychoanalytic View......Page 27
Why Such Negativity?......Page 28
Conclusion......Page 35
References......Page 37
1. Introduction......Page 40
2. Perception......Page 41
3. Perceptual Analysis and Description of Perfumes......Page 42
4. Learning and Memory......Page 44
5. Attention......Page 45
6. Olfactory Mental Imagery......Page 46
8. Conclusion......Page 48
References......Page 49
1. Introduction......Page 51
2.1. The Sense of Smell Is a “Nominal” Sense......Page 52
2.2. The Sense of Smell Is a “Near” Sense......Page 53
2.3. The Sense of Smell Is a “Hidden” Sense......Page 54
2.4. The Sense of Smell Is an “Associative” and “Emotional” Sense......Page 56
2.5. The Sense of Smell Has a “Special Memory”......Page 57
3. Methodological Consequences......Page 58
4. Conclusion......Page 63
References......Page 64
Section Two Knowledge and Languages......Page 69
1. Odors and Their Names......Page 71
2. The Veridical Label: An Odor Name?......Page 73
2.1. The Stimuli......Page 74
2.2. The Names......Page 75
2.3. The Mental Representations......Page 76
3. Odors and Their Wording in Identification Tests......Page 77
Type 1: The expected source......Page 79
Type 2: Generic terms for sources......Page 82
Type 3: Co-hyponyms of the acceptable source names......Page 84
Types 5–7......Page 85
4. Conclusion......Page 86
Odors or odorants?......Page 87
References......Page 88
5 Nose-wise: Olfactory Metaphors in Mind......Page 91
1. The Rise of Visualism......Page 92
2. Worlds of Sense......Page 93
3. A Nose-minded Society......Page 95
4. Sensory Vocabularies......Page 98
5. Sensuous Intelligence......Page 102
References......Page 104
6 Linguistic Expressions for Odors in French......Page 106
1. Lexical Grammar: A Theoretical Framework......Page 107
2. Odor Lexicon: Syntactic and Semantic Properties......Page 109
2.1. Linguistic Heterogeneity of Olfactory Terms......Page 110
2.2. Relationships between Olfactory Terms and Their Source Names......Page 112
2.3. Olfactory Terms and “Part of”......Page 115
2.4. Olfactory Terms and Temporal Properties......Page 117
Acknowledgments......Page 119
Notes......Page 120
References......Page 121
7 Classification of Odors and Structure–Odor Relationships......Page 124
1.2. Descriptions Using Word Descriptors......Page 125
1.3. Descriptions Using Profiles......Page 126
2.1. Empirical Classifications......Page 127
2.3. Classifications Based on Statistical Methods......Page 129
2.4. Classification of Perfumes......Page 133
3.1. Intensity Data......Page 134
3.2. Quality Data......Page 135
4. Conclusion......Page 136
References......Page 137
Section Three Emotion......Page 141
1. Odor Hedonics: Acquired Evaluative Meaning......Page 143
2. Acquisition of Odor Hedonics: Evaluative Odor-Conditioning Studies......Page 145
2.1. Bathroom Study......Page 148
2.2. Massage Study......Page 149
3.1. The Study by Kirk-Smith et al. (1983)......Page 151
3.2. Conceptual Replication of the Study by Kirk-Smith et al. (1983)......Page 152
4. Automatic Activation of Odor Hedonics: Affective Odor-Priming Studies......Page 155
4.1. Affective Odor-Priming Study......Page 157
4.2. Evaluative Odor Conditioning and Priming Combined......Page 158
5. Conclusion......Page 159
References......Page 161
9 Is There a Hedonic Dimension to Odors?......Page 164
1. Pleasantness and Intensity: A Single Dimension?......Page 165
2. Is There a Hedonic Axis? Or Discontinuous Hedonic Categories?......Page 169
3. Are Pleasant Odors Symmetric with Unpleasant Ones?......Page 172
Acknowledgments......Page 179
References......Page 180
1. Odor-associative Learning......Page 184
2. Effects of Odors on Mood and Specific Emotions......Page 186
3. Effects of Odors on Attitudes, Work Efficiency, and Perceived Health......Page 189
4. Effects of Odor Exposure on Emotional Memory......Page 192
5. Effects of Odors on Emotionally Conditioned Behavior......Page 194
6. Neuroanatomic Connections between Olfaction and Associative Emotional Processing......Page 195
7. Conclusion......Page 196
References......Page 197
1. Definition of “Pheromone”......Page 202
2. Chemical Communication in Humans......Page 204
3. Psychological Effects of Androstadienone and Estratetraenol......Page 207
4. Putative Behavioral Pheromones?......Page 213
References......Page 214
1.1. Emotions......Page 220
1.2. Olfaction, Taste, Fear, and Disgust......Page 221
2.1. Do Different Emotions Have Specific Neural Substrates?......Page 222
2.2. Are Specific Neural Substrates for Perception of Different Basic Emotions Supramodal?......Page 224
3. Neural Correlates of Olfaction and Taste......Page 225
3.1. Neural Correlates of Olfaction......Page 226
3.3. Examination of the Overlap among Neural Responses to Emotional, Olfactory, and Gustatory Stimuli......Page 227
References......Page 228
Section Four Memory......Page 233
1. Introduction......Page 235
2.1. Explicit Tasks......Page 237
2.2. Implicit Tasks......Page 238
3.1. Intentional versus Incidental Learning......Page 243
3.2. Encoding Processes......Page 244
3.4. Match or Mismatch between Encoding Operations and Retrieval Operations......Page 247
4. Similarity between Experimental Conditions and Real-Life Conditions......Page 248
References......Page 251
14 Odor Memory: A Memory Systems Approach......Page 255
1.1. Procedural Memory......Page 256
1.2. Perceptual Representation System......Page 258
2.1. Semantic Memory......Page 259
2.2. Short-Term Memory/Working Memory......Page 261
2.3. Episodic Memory......Page 262
2.4. Neuropsychological and Physiological Evidence......Page 263
References......Page 265
1.1. Implicit Memory......Page 270
2. Review of Priming Experiments......Page 271
2.1. The Schab and Crowder Experiments......Page 272
2.2. The Wippich Experiments......Page 274
2.3. The Olsson Experiments......Page 277
3.1. Method......Page 279
3.2. Results and Discussion......Page 280
4. Discussion......Page 281
References......Page 282
1. Introduction......Page 285
2. Neuropathology of AD......Page 286
3. Odor Detection and Discrimination......Page 287
4. Odor Memory......Page 288
4.1. Recognition memory......Page 289
4.2. Familiarity......Page 290
4.3. Identification......Page 291
5. Discussion and Perspective......Page 293
5.1. Neuropsychology of Odor Memory......Page 294
5.2. Memory-based Olfactory Tests for Early Diagnosis of AD......Page 296
References......Page 297
17 Development of Odor Naming and Odor Memory from Childhood to Young Adulthood......Page 302
2. Stability of Odor Naming......Page 304
3. Explicit Memory for Odors......Page 305
4. Implicit Memory for Odors......Page 307
5. Discussion and Perspective......Page 308
References......Page 310
Section Five Neural Bases......Page 315
18 Odor Coding at the Periphery of the Olfactory System......Page 317
1.1. Olfactory Receptor Families and Specificity......Page 318
1.2. Receptor Distribution......Page 320
1.3. Receptor Neuron Projections......Page 321
2. Functional Data......Page 322
2.2. Activity in the Bulbar Glomeruli......Page 323
2.3. Selectivity Profiles of Mitral Cells......Page 325
3. Use of Neural Space in Odor Coding......Page 326
References......Page 328
19 Human Brain Activity during the First Second after Odor Presentation......Page 333
1. The CSERP as an Indicator of General Odor Perception......Page 334
2. The CSERP as an Indicator of Inter-and Intra-individual Differences in Odor Perception......Page 339
2.1. Biopsychological Trait Markers Explain Differences in Odor Perception between Subjects......Page 340
2.2. The Biopsychological State Explains Differences in Odor Perception within Subjects......Page 341
References......Page 343
20 Processing of Olfactory Affective Information: Contribution of Functional Imaging Studies......Page 348
References......Page 357
21 Experience-induced Changes Reveal Functional Dissociation within Olfactory Pathways......Page 359
1. The OB and the PC Are More than Sensory Relays......Page 360
2. Local Field Potential Activity as a Measure of Functional Anatomy......Page 362
3.1. Effect of Associative Olfactory Learning on Synaptic Transmission......Page 363
3.2. Effect of Odor Valence on Odor-induced Oscillatory Activities in Central Olfactory Pathways......Page 366
References......Page 370
22 Increased Taste Sensitivity by Familiarization to Novel Stimuli: Psychophysics, fMRI, and Electrophysiological…......Page 374
1. Increased Sensitivity during Familiarization to Novel Stimuli in Humans......Page 377
1.2. Evolution of Subjects’ Sensitivity during Familiarization......Page 378
2. fMRI Discloses Plasticity in Cortical Areas during Familiarization to Novel Taste Stimuli......Page 380
3. Peripheral Electrophysiology in the Hamster: Modulation of Sensitivity with Familiarization at the Receptor Level......Page 384
4. Conclusion......Page 386
References......Page 387
1. Taste Pathways in Primates......Page 391
2. Taste Processing in the NTS and the Taste Thalamus......Page 392
4. Gustatory Responses in the Secondary Cortical Taste Area: Caudolateral Orbitofrontal Cortex......Page 395
6. Effects of Hunger and Satiety on Taste Processing at Different Stages of the Taste Pathway and Their Relevance to the…......Page 397
7. Representation of Flavor: Convergence of Olfactory and Taste Inputs......Page 400
8. Rules Underlying the Formation of Olfactory Representations in the Primate Cortex......Page 401
9. Olfactory and Visual Sensory-specific Satiety and Representations in the Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex......Page 402
11. Taste and Olfactory Responses of Primate Amygdala Neurons......Page 405
12. Imaging Studies in Humans......Page 406
Acknowledgments......Page 407
References......Page 408
Section Six Individual Variations......Page 413
24 New Psychophysical Insights in Evaluating Genetic Variation in Taste......Page 415
1.1. Stevens and Fechner......Page 416
1.2. Context Effects and Prop Studies......Page 418
1.4. The Labeled Magnitude Scale of Green and Colleagues......Page 419
1.5. A New Label for the Top of Green’s LMS......Page 420
1.7. Large Mice and Small Elephants: The Relativity of Intensity Adjectives......Page 421
2. Valid Taste Comparisons across Groups: What Have We Learned?......Page 425
2.1. Valid Hedonic Scaling......Page 427
References......Page 428
1. Odors Are Cognitive Constructs......Page 432
2. An Evolutionary Perspective......Page 433
3.1. Cross-Cultural Comparisons......Page 434
3.2. Intra-cultural Comparisons......Page 436
4.2. Influence of Context......Page 441
References......Page 442
26 Olfactory Cognition at the Start of Life: The Perinatal Shaping of Selective Odor Responsiveness......Page 445
1. Discriminative, “Categorical,” and Hedonic Processing of Odors by Newborns......Page 446
2. Shaping of Olfactory Preferences in Early Ontogeny......Page 451
3. Odor Learning in the Fetus, Newborn, and Infant......Page 455
4. Conclusions and Prospects......Page 458
References......Page 460
1.1. Central Nervous System and Olfactory Bulb......Page 465
1.2. Olfactory Epithelium......Page 467
2.1. Psychophysical Studies......Page 468
2.2. Studies Using Chemosensory Event-related Potentials......Page 470
2.3. Imaging Studies......Page 472
3. Trigeminal Sensitivity Also Appears to Decrease in an Age-related Manner......Page 473
Acknowledgments......Page 474
References......Page 475
Index......Page 481