Old World Monkeys

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 12
Introduction......Page 15
Molecular approaches......Page 17
Population genetics......Page 20
Morphology......Page 22
Cladistic systematics......Page 23
Paleontology......Page 25
Allometry......Page 27
Experimental functional anatomy......Page 28
Socioendocrinology......Page 29
Social behavior and ecology......Page 31
Conservation......Page 36
References......Page 37
Introduction......Page 43
Old World monkeys......Page 44
Cercopithecinae......Page 45
African papionins......Page 46
Relationships within Papio and Macaca......Page 49
Cercopithecini......Page 53
Colobinae......Page 59
Conclusions......Page 62
References......Page 64
Introduction: why study the genetics of baboons?......Page 71
The early genetic markers: protein polymorphisms......Page 72
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms......Page 74
Microsatellite polymorphisms......Page 76
Other types of DNA polymorphism......Page 79
Population genetic structure......Page 80
Variability within local populations......Page 81
Variability among localities, regions, or subspecies......Page 84
Summary......Page 86
References......Page 87
Introduction......Page 91
The cercopithecid/colobid split......Page 92
Divisions within the Colobidae......Page 94
The position of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus......Page 95
The phyletic position of the macaques......Page 96
The relationships of Cercopithecus aethiops......Page 97
Material and methods......Page 98
Results......Page 99
Discussion......Page 104
Results......Page 105
Discussion......Page 107
Conclusions......Page 108
Acknowledgements......Page 110
References......Page 111
Introduction......Page 113
Materials and methods......Page 114
External nose......Page 115
Parasagittal section......Page 116
Atrioturbinal and anterior transverse lamina......Page 117
Nasal floor cartilages......Page 129
Paranasal sinuses......Page 132
Ethmoturbinals......Page 133
Maxillary process, orbital lamina, and maxilloturbinal......Page 135
Cribral plate, supraseptal plane......Page 136
Posterior cupula, ethmoturbinal recess, and sphenoidal sinus......Page 138
Ethmoidal process of the orbitosphenoid, interorbital septum......Page 139
Discussion and conclusions......Page 140
References......Page 143
Introduction......Page 147
Fossil history......Page 148
Characters of Victoriapithecidae......Page 149
Cercopithecoid characters......Page 151
Shared characters......Page 159
Dietary reconstruction......Page 160
Analysis of anatomical features......Page 164
Paleoecological context of the hominoid/cercopithecoid divergence......Page 168
Locomotor adaptations......Page 169
Environmental reconstructions......Page 170
Hard object feeding......Page 172
Colobines......Page 174
Cercopithecines......Page 178
Concluding remarks......Page 181
References......Page 185
Introduction......Page 194
Napak, Uganda......Page 196
Loperot, Kenya......Page 197
Maboko Formation, Kenya......Page 198
Aka Aiteputh Formation, Samburu Hills, Kenya......Page 199
Ngorora Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya......Page 200
Nakali, Kenya......Page 201
Nawata /Nachukui Formations, Lothagam, Kenya......Page 202
Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya......Page 203
Chemeron Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya......Page 204
Koobi Fora Formation, Kenya......Page 205
Nachukui Formation, Kenya......Page 206
Shungura Formation, Ethiopia......Page 207
Hadar Formation, Ethiopia......Page 208
Chiwondo Beds, Malawi......Page 209
Kanam, Kenya......Page 210
Olduvai Beds, Tanzania......Page 211
Olorgesailie Formation, Kenya......Page 212
Discussion and conclusion......Page 213
References......Page 219
Introduction......Page 228
Experimental methods......Page 230
The oro-facial complex......Page 231
The feeding sequence in macaques......Page 237
Tongue movements in feeding......Page 238
Mechanisms of Stage I Transport......Page 239
Mechanisms of Stage II Transport......Page 240
Mechanisms of swallowing......Page 241
Tongue–jaw linkages in feeding......Page 242
Tongue–hyoid movement and the capacity for speech......Page 243
Discussion......Page 245
References......Page 246
Introduction......Page 251
Parasagittal bending of the corpus and dorsoventral shear of the symphysis......Page 252
Lateral transverse bending of the symphysis and corpus (“wishboning”)......Page 254
Axial torsion of the corpus and vertical bending of the symphysis......Page 256
Temporomandibular joint loading and function......Page 257
Jaw function and relative canine size: T-complex and gape......Page 259
Facial torsion during unilateral mastication......Page 260
Frontal bending during anterior dental loading......Page 262
Interorbital function and variation......Page 263
Intersexual comparisons......Page 265
Interspecific comparisons......Page 267
Relative facial length in Old World monkey evolution......Page 272
Conclusions......Page 274
References......Page 275
Introduction......Page 283
Behavioral and endocrine systems......Page 284
Cercopithecoid social organization......Page 286
Expanded sexuality and primate social strategies......Page 288
Androgens, aggression and dominance in males......Page 290
Stress responses......Page 295
Neurochemical bases of temperament......Page 299
Interspecific differences in temperament and behavioral style......Page 300
Conclusions......Page 301
References......Page 302
Behavioral ecology and reproductive maturation......Page 312
Metabolic rate and reproductive maturation......Page 314
Socioendocrinology and reproductive maturation......Page 315
Fatness, weight, and reproductive maturation......Page 317
Dominance rank and reproductive maturation......Page 318
Conclusions......Page 325
References......Page 327
Introduction......Page 335
Materials and methods......Page 337
Results......Page 342
Age estimation in animals of unknown age......Page 345
Discussion......Page 349
Acknowledgements......Page 351
References......Page 352
Introduction......Page 355
Predictions from parental investment theory......Page 356
Relationships of Old World monkey mothers with juvenile offspring......Page 359
Survival of juvenile orphans......Page 363
Mothers’ contribution to group membership......Page 365
Offspring reproductive success and the inheritance of dominance rank......Page 366
Affliative social relationships with adult daughters......Page 368
Reproductive success of adult daughters......Page 369
Grandmothers promote the survival and socialization of their grand-offspring......Page 371
Maternal investment throughout the lifespan......Page 373
References......Page 375
Introduction......Page 382
Reproductive strategies......Page 383
Infanticide......Page 384
Cognitive aggression?......Page 385
Reciprocity......Page 386
Deception......Page 388
Learning, cognition and science......Page 389
Imitation......Page 390
Teaching......Page 391
Assumptions of cognitive abilities......Page 392
Mirrors, awareness and intentions......Page 393
Limited knowledge......Page 395
Data supporting social cognition......Page 397
Conclusions......Page 398
References......Page 399
Introduction......Page 407
Study sites and methods......Page 408
Island versus mainland sites......Page 410
Variation within sites......Page 415
Discussion of polyspecific associations......Page 417
Solitary monkeys......Page 422
Group size......Page 424
Adult sex ratio in social groups......Page 429
Summary and conclusions......Page 438
References......Page 440
Introduction......Page 445
Terminology......Page 447
Analytical and statistical methods applied to vocalizations......Page 449
Results......Page 453
Intraspecific variation......Page 455
Social organization in Ituri Forest black-and-white colobus......Page 459
Discussion......Page 460
Summary......Page 463
References......Page 464
Introduction......Page 467
Subjects and general sampling methods......Page 468
Focal sampling protocol (1992–1993)......Page 469
Data analysis......Page 471
General patterns of agonism......Page 472
Agonistic relationships and hierarchy......Page 474
Relationship between agonistic rank, agonism, feeding competition, and reproductive output......Page 478
Friendly interactions......Page 480
Agonism and affiliation in blue monkeys......Page 484
Comparison with better-known cercopithecine monkeys......Page 486
Unanswered questions......Page 489
References......Page 490
Introduction......Page 494
Methods......Page 495
Positional behavior (Fig. 18.1)......Page 497
Habitat and support use......Page 498
Habitat and seasonal effects on positional behavior of red colobus monkeys......Page 502
The effects of predation threat upon locomotion in red colobus monkeys......Page 504
Discussion and conclusion......Page 506
References......Page 507
Social structure......Page 510
Female intragroup relationships......Page 515
Sexual behavior......Page 516
Dispersal......Page 517
Home ranges, territoriality and intergroup encounters......Page 519
Feeding ecology......Page 520
Are food resources limiting?......Page 523
Resource competition, resource quality, and territoriality......Page 526
Conservation status......Page 527
Acknowledgements......Page 528
References......Page 529
Index......Page 536