Oil, Institutions and Sustainability in MENA: A Radical Approach through the Empowerment of Citizens

Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1 Introduction
		1.1 MENA (Middle East and North Africa)
		1.2 What This Book Is About
	2 MENA and World Oil Markets
	3 Resource Curse and Institutions
	4 Democracy in MENA
	5 MENA and Alternative Sources of Energy
	6 Reducing the Demand for Oil
	7 The Population Threat
	8 Why the Status Quo Is Unsustainable
	9 Oil as a Path to Institutional Change in MENA
	10 Positive Directions for Reform
	Reference
Chapter 2: MENA and World Oil Markets
	1 Introduction
	2 OPEC Then and Now
		2.1 Brief History of OPEC World Oil Markets
		2.2 Middle East Share of OPEC’s Oil in the World Economy
	3 Price Leadership Within OPEC
	4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Resource Curse and Institutions
	1 Introduction
	2 The Resource Curse
		2.1 Hypotheses and Concepts
		2.2 Empirical Evidence
	3 Institutions
		3.1 Do Institutions Matter?
		3.2 Extractive and Inclusive Institutions
		3.3 Institutional Problems in MENA
	4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Democracy in MENA
	1 Introduction
	2 State of Democracy and Freedom in the World and MENA
	3 Why Is Democracy So Rare in MENA?
		3.1 Values and Culture
		3.2 Economic Development
		3.3 Religion
		3.4 Preference for Democracy
	4 Autocracy in MENA
		4.1 Effect of Modernization
		4.2 Survivability of Autocracies
	5 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: MENA and Alternative Sources of Energy
	1 Introduction
	2 Present Threats to Oil MENA Exporting Economies
		2.1 Shale Oil and Gas Development or “Fracking”
			2.1.1 History
			2.1.2 Fracking Today
		2.2 Increased Discovery of New Oil and Natural Gas Deposits
	3 Threats to Oil MENA from New Sources of Energy
		3.1 Methane Hydrate Deposits
		3.2 Energy from Nuclear Fusion
		3.3 Energy from Thorium Reactors (Whitman 2017)
		3.4 The Traveling Wave Reactor
	4 The Threat of Renewables to Oil MENA
		4.1 Competition Against MENA Oil
		4.2 The Cost of Renewables
		4.3 Social Pricing of Fossil Fuels
		4.4 Renewable Energy in MENA
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Reducing the Demand for Oil
	1 Introduction
	2 Production, Consumption, and US Imports of Oil
	3 Benefit Principle
		3.1 Infrastructure: Roads and Bridges
		3.2 External Costs of Oil Use for Transportation
		3.3 Military Costs of Protecting Middle East Oil
		3.4 Full Application of the Benefit Principle
			3.4.1 Applying the Benefit Principle with Taxes on Gasoline
			3.4.2 Other Uses of Oil
	4 Hotelling Principle and Optimal Future Extraction of Oil Limited by Climate Change Mitigation
		4.1 The Paris Agreement
		4.2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
		4.3 Limitations of the Analysis
	5 Policy to Lessen the US Demand for Gasoline
	6 Summary and Conclusion
	A. Appendix: Estimating the Optimal Rate of Extraction of Oil Given the Limitations of the Paris Agreement and IPCC Report on Climate Change
		A.1 Assumptions
		A.2 Analysis
		A.3 Results
			A.3.1 Paris Agreement
			A.3.2 IPCC
	References
Chapter 7: The Population Threat
	1 Introduction
	2 Population Growth
		2.1 Historical and Recent Context
		2.2 Political and Civil Liberties
	3 Population and Food
		3.1 Arable Land
		3.2 Water Scarcity
		3.3 Less Wealthy MENA States
		3.4 Exports
	4 Employment
		4.1 Youth Employment
		4.2 Women Employment
		4.3 Employment by Military or Government
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Why the Status Quo Is Unsustainable
	1 Introduction
	2 The Unsustainability Problem
	3 The Problems of Oil Economies
	4 People Power
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Oil as a Path to Institutional Change in MENA
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Similar Plans and Ideas
	3 Why Citizen Ownership?
		3.1 The Rights of Citizens
		3.2 Why Citizen Ownership Is Needed
		3.3 Benefits of Citizen Ownership
	4 Citizen Empowerment Plan (CEP) as a Path to Institutional Change
		4.1 Starve the Beast
		4.2 The Citizen Empowerment Plan (CEP)
		4.3 Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Positive Directions for Reform
	1 Introduction
	2 Dealing with the Institutional Deficit
		2.1 Sources of Rankings
		2.2 Institutional Reforms
	3 Transition to Citizen Ownership of Oil
	4 Incentives
	5 Conclusion
	References
Glossary
Index