Oil Extraction and Analysis

Oil Extraction and Analysis, Critical Issues and Comparative Studies......Page 1
Preface......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Oil Markets......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 0
Factors Determining the Use of Globally Recognized Standards......Page 9
Fats, Oils, and Lipids Methods Standardization......Page 10
Process for AOCS Approval of Official Methods......Page 12
Interactions Between Standards Developing Organizations......Page 13
Need for Harmonization of Procedures......Page 14
References......Page 15
History......Page 17
Procedural Overview of Soxtec, Automated Soxhlet for Crude Fat......Page 18
Pretreatment......Page 19
Solvent Extraction......Page 20
Optimizing the Extraction Process......Page 22
Common Applications......Page 25
References......Page 30
Abstract......Page 31
Introduction......Page 32
Instrumentation......Page 33
Sample Extraction Parameters......Page 34
Method Development and Optimization......Page 35
Extraction of Crude Fat (Oil) from Soybean Seeds......Page 36
Defatting of Soy Samples for Isolating Soy Protein–Enriched Fractions......Page 38
Extraction of Fat from Infant Formula and Meat Samples......Page 41
Summary......Page 43
Further Reading......Page 44
Abstract......Page 45
Introduction......Page 46
Materials and Methods......Page 48
Results and Discussion......Page 52
Acknowledgments......Page 73
References......Page 74
What Is a Supercritical Fluid?......Page 75
Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 78
Giddings-Hildebrand Solubility Theory......Page 79
CO2 Density Calculations......Page 82
Fluid Source......Page 86
Pumps......Page 88
Extraction Chamber......Page 89
Restrictor......Page 91
Online Techniques......Page 92
Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction......Page 93
Supercritical Fluid Extraction Followed by Gravimetric Determination......Page 94
Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Other Nutritional Components in Foods......Page 98
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pesticides from Foods......Page 99
References......Page 101
Abstract......Page 106
Introduction......Page 107
Apparatus for Extraction Methods of Oil Content Analysis......Page 109
FOSFA Extraction Method (AOCS Am 2-93 and ISO 659)......Page 114
AOAC 996.06 Method (Hydrolysis Extraction Methylation)......Page 117
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)......Page 119
Comparison of Oil Content with Commercial Oil Extraction......Page 120
Conclusion and Recommendations......Page 121
References......Page 122
Introduction......Page 124
Effect of Sample Preparation (Grinder Study)......Page 126
Experimental Details for the Grinder Study......Page 127
Experimental Section for Comparison of Five Extraction Procedures......Page 128
Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) by GC......Page 132
Effect of Sample Preparation Step (Grinder Study)......Page 133
Comparison of the Five Extraction Procedures......Page 136
Conclusions......Page 140
References......Page 141
Introduction......Page 143
Equipment......Page 147
Meat Applications......Page 148
Procedure for Fat Determination in a Meat Sample......Page 149
Dairy Applications......Page 152
Experiment......Page 153
Summary......Page 156
References......Page 157
Abstract......Page 158
Introduction......Page 159
Instrumentation......Page 160
Experimental......Page 161
Results and Discussion......Page 163
Conclusion......Page 168
References......Page 170
Introduction......Page 172
Near-Infrared Applications for Oilseeds Analysis......Page 173
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Current NIR Systems......Page 175
Advantages of the NIR Network......Page 177
Calibration model sharing......Page 180
Calibration model transfer......Page 189
Remote spectral monitoring......Page 194
References......Page 196
Abstract......Page 199
Introduction......Page 200
Principles of NIR Spectroscopy......Page 202
Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 203
NIR Instrumentation......Page 206
NIR Spectra Preprocessing......Page 208
NIR Calibration Models......Page 209
NMR Techniques for Oil Determination in Soybean......Page 214
Standard Methods for Soybean Compositional Analysis......Page 219
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Derivatized Amino Acids from Hydrolyzed Proteins......Page 220
Validation of the NIR Calibrations for Protein and Oil Measurements in Mature Soybean Seeds: Bulk and Single-Seed Calibrations......Page 221
Oil and Protein Determination in Mature Soybeans Using NMR Techniques......Page 222
Oil Determination in Soybeans with the 1PULSE HR-NMR Method......Page 230
Oil Determination in Soybean Flour with the 1PDNA NMR Pulse Sequence......Page 232
Oil Determination in Soybean Flour by VACP 13C SS-NMR......Page 233
Limitations and Advantages of the Techniques......Page 234
Selection of Soybean Standards for Near-Infrared Calibrations of Fatty Acid Composition......Page 238
Results......Page 239
Practical Implications of Our High-Resolution NIR and NMR Analyses of Soybean Seeds......Page 242
Conclusions and Discussion......Page 243
References......Page 244
Abstract......Page 247
Introduction......Page 248
Principles of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy/Imaging......Page 249
FCCS: Cross-Correlation with Two Fluorescent Labels......Page 250
Plant Material Source......Page 253
FT-IR and FT-NIR Microspectrometers......Page 254
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy......Page 255
FT-IR and FT-NIR Chemical Imaging Tests......Page 257
Oil Determination in Somatic Soybean Embryos by High-Resolution 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance......Page 258
Limitations and Advantages of Spectroscopic and Imaging Techniques......Page 261
Two-Photon FCS Observations on Plant Cells and Thylakoids......Page 268
FCCS Applications to DNA Hybridization, Polymerase Chain Reaction, and DNA Binding......Page 269
Conclusions and Discussion......Page 274
References......Page 277