Oil Crops

Oil Crops......Page 1
HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING......Page 2
Foreword......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
1.1 Introduction......Page 17
1.2 Domestication and Genetic Diversity......Page 20
1.2.1 Domestication of Oil Crops......Page 21
1.2.2 Oil Crop Germplasm......Page 22
1.2.3 Genetic Diversity in Oil Crops - Selected Examples......Page 24
1.3 Recent Milestones in Oil Crop Breeding......Page 26
1.4.1.1 Oil Bodies and the Cytology of Oil Content......Page 28
1.4.1.2 Botanical Features of Oil Content......Page 29
1.4.1.3 Genetics of Oil Content......Page 32
1.4.1.4 Breeding for Oil Content......Page 34
1.4.2 Altered Seed Composition for Health and Industrial Applications......Page 35
1.5.1 Technology......Page 36
1.5.2 Biology......Page 37
References......Page 38
2.2.1 Fatty Acid Profile and Oil Functionality......Page 47
2.2.2 Conventional Approaches to Fatty Acid Modification......Page 48
2.2.3 Novel Fatty Acid Profiles in Soybean Derived from the Tools of Biotechnology......Page 49
2.3.1 Engineering Complex Pathways into Plant Seeds......Page 51
2.3.2 LCPUFA Production in Plants......Page 54
2.3.3 EPA Production in Plants via the Delta6 Desaturase Pathway......Page 55
2.3.4 EPA Production in Plants via the Delta9 Elongase Pathway......Page 58
2.3.5 DHA Production in Plants via the Aerobic Elongation/Desaturation Pathways......Page 59
2.4.1 Non-food Uses of Plant Oils......Page 60
2.4.2 High Oleic Acid Soybean Oil......Page 61
2.4.3 Metabolic Engineering of Soybean for the Production of Oils with High-Value Industrial Fatty Acids......Page 62
References......Page 65
3.1 Introduction......Page 73
3.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 74
3.3 Varietal Groups......Page 77
3.4 Genetic Resources......Page 78
3.5 Major Breeding Accomplishments......Page 82
3.6.2 Fatty Acid Modification......Page 87
3.6.6 Trans-fat Reduction......Page 88
3.6.8 Increasing Nutraceuticals in Seed......Page 89
3.7.1 Gain from Selection......Page 90
3.7.3 Parent and Population Structure......Page 91
3.7.4 Advancing Toward Homozygosity......Page 93
3.7.6 Selection Among Pure Lines......Page 94
3.7.8 New Technology in Plant Breeding Operations......Page 95
3.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs......Page 96
3.8.2 Increased Saturates - Germplasm and Biotechnologies......Page 97
3.8.3 Increased Monounsaturates - Germplasm and Biotechnologies......Page 98
3.8.5 Increased Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids - Germplasm and Biotechnologies......Page 99
References......Page 100
4.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 107
4.4.1 Genetic Diversity in the Primary Gene Pool......Page 109
4.4.2 Expanding Genetic Variability by Interspecific Hybridisation......Page 111
4.5 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 114
4.6.1 Seed and Oil Yield Potential and Stability......Page 117
4.6.2 Improvement of Seed Components......Page 119
4.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques......Page 121
4.7.2 Hybrid Breeding and Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Systems......Page 122
4.8.1 Tissue Culture and Haploid Techniques......Page 125
4.8.2 Genetic Modification......Page 126
4.8.3.1 Genetic Maps and QTL Analysis......Page 127
4.8.3.3 Oil Content and Quality......Page 129
4.8.3.5 Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress......Page 130
4.8.3.7 Utilization of Synteny to Arabidopsis......Page 132
4.9 Seed Production......Page 133
References......Page 135
5.1 Introduction......Page 143
5.2.2 Brassica juncea......Page 144
5.3.1 Open Pollinated, Synthetic, and Hybrid Cultivars......Page 145
5.4 Genetic Resources......Page 146
5.5.1 Oil Quality......Page 147
5.6.1 Seed Yield and Adaptation......Page 148
5.6.4 Self-Compatibility......Page 149
5.6.7 Seed Meal Quality......Page 150
5.6.9 Insect Resistance......Page 151
5.7.1 Developing New Sources of Variation......Page 152
5.7.2 Breeding of Line and Population Cultivars......Page 153
5.7.3 Breeding of Hybrid Cultivars......Page 154
5.7.4.2 Techniques Used for Agronomic Evaluation......Page 155
5.8.1 Genetic Markers and Genetic Linkage Maps......Page 156
Oil Content and Quality......Page 158
Vernalization Requirements and Flowering Time......Page 159
5.8.3 Marker Assisted Selection......Page 160
5.9 Seed Production......Page 161
References......Page 162
6.1 Introduction......Page 170
6.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 171
6.3 Varietal Groups......Page 172
6.4 Genetic Resources......Page 174
6.4.1.2 Preservation of In Situ Resources......Page 175
6.4.1.4 Genetic Stock Collections......Page 176
6.4.2.2 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility......Page 177
6.4.2.3 Disease and Insect Resistance......Page 179
6.4.2.4 Oil and Protein Content and Quality......Page 181
6.5.2 Utilization of the Inbred-Hybrid Method......Page 182
6.5.3 Development of New Types of Oil......Page 183
6.6.2.1 Plant Height......Page 184
6.6.2.3 Flowering and Maturity Dates......Page 185
6.6.2.6 Oil, Protein and Fibre Contents......Page 186
6.6.2.7 Oil Quality......Page 187
6.6.2.8 Seed Meal Quality......Page 190
6.6.2.9 Disease Resistance......Page 191
6.6.2.10 Broomrape Resistance......Page 192
6.6.2.13 Resistance to Abiotic Stresses......Page 193
6.6.2.15 Nonoilseed Sunflower......Page 194
The Use of Existing Genetic Variation......Page 195
6.7.1.2 Methods for Improving Source Populations......Page 196
Mass Selection......Page 198
6.7.1.4 Methods for Improving Hybrid Cultivars......Page 199
6.7.1.5 Methods for Producing Hybrid Seed......Page 201
6.7.2.2 Techniques Used for Interspecific Hybridization......Page 202
6.7.2.3 Field Plot Techniques for Cultivar Evaluation......Page 203
6.7.2.5 Laboratory Techniques for Seed Quality Evaluation......Page 204
6.7.2.6 Techniques for Disease Resistance and Broomrape Evaluation......Page 205
6.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs......Page 206
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Markers......Page 207
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Markers......Page 210
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) or Microsatellites......Page 211
Markers Based on ESTs......Page 212
6.8.2.1 Germplasm Characterization......Page 213
Oil Content......Page 214
Fatty Acids......Page 215
Disease Resistance......Page 217
Male Sterility......Page 219
Resistance to Abiotic Stresses......Page 220
Marker Validation and Refinement......Page 221
MAS in Sunflower Breeding Programs......Page 223
6.8.3 Transgenic Breeding......Page 225
6.9 Seed Production......Page 226
6.9.1 Maintenance and Increase of Parental Lines......Page 227
6.9.2.2 Plant Population and Planting Methods......Page 228
6.9.2.5 Harvesting and Processing......Page 229
References......Page 230
7.1 Production and Utilization......Page 248
7.2 Origin and Taxonomy......Page 250
7.3 Variety Development......Page 251
7.4.3 Lodging Resistance......Page 256
7.4.4.1 Oil and Fatty Acid Composition......Page 257
7.4.4.2 Protein......Page 259
7.4.4.5 Anti-nutritionals......Page 260
7.4.4.7 Disease Resistance......Page 261
7.5 Germplasm Sources......Page 262
7.6.1 Selection of Parents......Page 263
7.6.2 Methods of Combining Parents......Page 264
7.6.3.1 Pedigree......Page 265
7.6.3.2 Single Seed Descent......Page 266
7.6.3.5 Doubled Haploids......Page 267
References......Page 268
8.1 Introduction......Page 271
8.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 272
8.2.1 Taxonomy......Page 273
8.2.2 Domestication......Page 275
8.3 Varietal Groups......Page 277
8.4 Genetic Resources......Page 278
8.5.1 Host Plant Resistance......Page 281
8.5.2 Abiotic Stress Tolerance......Page 282
8.5.3 Agronomic Adaptation......Page 283
8.5.4 Fiber Quality......Page 284
8.6.1 USDA......Page 285
8.6.2 State Universities......Page 286
8.6.3 Private Companies......Page 287
8.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques......Page 289
8.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs......Page 291
8.9 Seed Production......Page 293
References......Page 294
9.1 Introduction......Page 300
9.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 302
9.3.1 Market Types in the United States......Page 305
9.4 Genetic Resources......Page 306
9.5 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 307
9.5.2 High Oleic Acid Content......Page 308
9.5.3 Resistance to Leaf Spots, Root-Knot Nematode, and Spotted Wilt......Page 309
9.6.1 Goals for the Farmer......Page 311
9.6.2 Goals for the Seed Producer/Sheller......Page 312
9.6.3 Goals for the Manufacturer and Consumer......Page 313
9.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques......Page 314
9.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs......Page 315
9.8.1 Marker Development in Peanut......Page 316
9.8.2 Molecular Maps of Peanut......Page 317
9.8.3 Gene Sequencing in Arachis......Page 318
9.8.5 Peanut Transformation......Page 319
References......Page 320
10.1 Introduction......Page 329
10.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 330
10.4 Genetic Resources......Page 331
10.5.1 Fatty Acid Composition......Page 332
10.5.2 Castor Toxins......Page 333
10.5.5 Quantitative Traits......Page 335
10.6.2 Individual Plant Selection with Progeny Tests......Page 338
10.6.3.2 Bulk Method......Page 339
10.7 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs......Page 340
References......Page 341
11.1 Introduction......Page 345
11.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 346
11.3 Varietal Groups......Page 347
11.4 Genetic Resources......Page 349
11.5.1 Tenera Hybrid Improvement......Page 350
11.5.3 Improvement in Other Traits......Page 351
11.6 Current Goals of Breeding......Page 352
11.6.1 Oil Yield......Page 353
11.7.1 Breeding Methods......Page 355
11.7.2 Breeding Techniques......Page 359
11.7.3.2 Field Experimentation......Page 360
11.8.1 Tissue Culture for Clonal Propagation of Oil Palm......Page 362
11.8.2 Tissue Culture Process......Page 363
11.8.3 Commercial Planting of Oil Palm Clones......Page 366
11.8.5 Molecular Breeding......Page 367
11.9 Commercial Seed Processing......Page 370
11.10 Oil Palm Seed Market......Page 371
References......Page 372
12.1 Introduction......Page 380
12.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 381
12.3 Varietal Groups......Page 383
12.4 Genetic Resources......Page 386
12.5 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 388
12.6 Current Goals of Breeding......Page 391
12.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques......Page 392
12.8.1 Genetic Diversity Analysis......Page 395
12.8.2 Genetic Relatedness......Page 396
12.8.5 Linkage Mapping and QTL Identification......Page 399
12.8.6 Synteny Studies......Page 400
12.9 Seed Production......Page 401
References......Page 402
13.1.2 Major Problems of Olive Cultivation......Page 408
13.1.3 Types of Olive Oil and Characteristics......Page 410
13.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 412
13.3.1 Cultivated Olive Germplasm......Page 413
13.3.3 Identification of Olive Cultivars......Page 414
13.4.2 Natural Diversity of Olive......Page 415
13.4.3 Wild Olives......Page 416
13.5 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 418
13.7.1 Classical Breeding......Page 420
13.7.4 Breeding by Intervarietal Crossing......Page 421
13.7.5 Marker Assisted Breeding......Page 422
13.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programmes......Page 423
13.8.2 Genetic Manipulation......Page 424
13.8.3 Other In Vitro Technologies......Page 425
References......Page 426
14.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 433
14.3 Species Groupings Related to Breeding of Cultivated Safflower......Page 434
14.4 Genetic Resources......Page 436
14.5 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 439
14.6 Current Goals of Breeding......Page 440
14.7.1 Crossing Techniques......Page 443
14.7.2.3 Backcross Breeding......Page 447
USA......Page 448
India......Page 449
14.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs......Page 450
14.9 Seed Production......Page 452
References......Page 454
15.1 Introduction......Page 458
15.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 460
15.3 Genetic Resources and Varietal Groups......Page 461
15.4 Current Goals of Breeding......Page 464
15.5.1 Biological and Genetic Characteristics......Page 466
15.5.2 Breeding Methods......Page 469
15.6 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programmes......Page 470
15.7.1 Industrial Cultivars for Alkaloid Production......Page 471
15.7.2 Culinary Cultivars for Poppy Seed and Oil......Page 472
References......Page 473
16.1.1 Use of Hull-Less Pumpkin Seed As a Food Crop......Page 478
16.1.2 Origin of the Hull-Less Seeded Phenotype in Pumpkin......Page 479
16.2 Nutritionally Relevant Components of Pumpkin Seeds......Page 480
16.2.1 Antioxidant Activity of Pumpkin Seed Oil......Page 483
16.3 Genetics of the Hull-Less Seed Character......Page 484
16.4 Current Goals of Oil Seed Pumpkin Breeding......Page 489
16.4.2 Components of Yield......Page 490
16.4.3 Seed Size and Seed Number......Page 492
16.4.4 Bush Growth Habit......Page 493
16.4.5.1 Resistance to Fruit Rots......Page 495
16.4.6 Expanding the Genetic Base in Oil Seed Pumpkins......Page 496
16.5 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs......Page 497
References......Page 498
17.2 Maize Kernel Structure and Composition......Page 502
17.3.1 Germplasm......Page 503
17.3.2 Heterosis and the Inbred/Hybrid Concept......Page 505
17.3.3 Inbred Line Development......Page 506
17.3.4 Hybrid Development......Page 507
17.5 The Illinois High-Oil/Low-Oil Long-Term Selection Experiment......Page 508
17.6 Other Breeding Programs for High-Oil......Page 510
17.6.2 Commercial Breeding Activities for High-Oil......Page 511
References......Page 512
18.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 516
18.3 Genetic Resources......Page 518
18.4 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 519
18.5.1 Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile......Page 520
18.5.4 Autofertility......Page 521
18.6 Breeding Methods and Techniques......Page 522
References......Page 523
19.1 Introduction......Page 526
19.2 Domestication and Breeding History......Page 527
19.2.1 Oil Crop Breeding......Page 528
19.3 Genetic Resources......Page 529
19.4.1 ‘PSR23’ Cuphea......Page 530
19.4.2 Commercialization......Page 532
19.5.1 Lauric Acid Accumulation......Page 533
19.5.2 Insect Resistance......Page 535
19.5.3 Anthocyanin Mutants......Page 536
References......Page 538
Index......Page 543