OECD Tourism Trends and Policie - OECD

Foreword......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 7
Executive Summary......Page 9
Figure 0.1. Direct contribution of tourism to OECD economies......Page 10
Chapter 1. Tourism Governance in OECD Countries......Page 15
Tourism governance at central level......Page 16
Roles of central government at the national, regional and local level......Page 18
Box 1.1. Examples of laws to better define tourism roles and responsibilities......Page 21
Box 1.3. Governments are encouraging innovation......Page 22
A whole-of-government approach to tourism policy......Page 23
Table 1.1. Challenges to effective tourism governance identified by national tourism administrations......Page 24
Box 1.5. Vertical co-ordination between levels of government......Page 25
Tools/mechanisms to manage the interface across ministries and public agencies......Page 27
Box 1.6. Examples of co-ordination to promote a more integrated approach to tourism governance......Page 28
Box 1.7. The tourism strategy as a co-ordination mechanism......Page 29
Box 1.8. Australia’s National Long-Term Tourism Strategy......Page 31
Box 1.9. Contractual arrangements across government......Page 32
Tourism governance at sub-national level......Page 33
Box 1.10. Moors and Coast Tourism Partnership......Page 34
Box 1.11. The role of convention and visitor bureaus......Page 35
Tools for capacity building......Page 36
Obstacles to capacity building and co-ordination at regional and local levels......Page 38
Figure 1.1. Conflict can lead to policy integration......Page 39
Box 1.13. Key issues regarding local co-operation......Page 40
Box 1.14. Tourism in the Venice region......Page 41
Box 1.15. Marketing co-ordination at the sub-national level......Page 42
Box 1.16. The role of tourism organisation-led structures in sub-national governance – Whistler Canada......Page 43
Branch versus integrated approach to organisation of industry representative bodies......Page 44
Box 1.17. Approaches to national industry representation......Page 45
Roles of the private sector......Page 46
Box 1.18. The Federal Association of German Tourism Industry......Page 48
Tools/mechanisms to manage the interface between actors at private sector level......Page 47
Tourism policy co-ordination......Page 49
Effective regulation......Page 50
External impacts (economic, safety/security, natural disasters)......Page 51
Box 1.21. Japanese earthquake......Page 52
Policy responses......Page 53
References......Page 55
Chapter 2. Evaluating Tourism Policies and Programmes......Page 57
Introduction......Page 58
Box 2.1. Five key reasons to evaluate tourism......Page 59
The requirement for evaluation evidence......Page 60
Qualitative approaches......Page 61
Quantitative approaches......Page 62
Monitoring and evaluation frameworks......Page 65
Key evaluation issues to consider......Page 66
Box 2.4. Evaluation brief checklist......Page 67
The role of peer reviews in evaluation......Page 68
Table 2.1. Collecting evaluation evidence......Page 69
Evaluation road map......Page 70
Country evaluation practices......Page 71
Stakeholder participation......Page 72
Box 2.5. The Czech Republic: Using SWOT analysis to determine policy priorities......Page 73
Planning for successful evaluation......Page 74
Box 2.8. Canada: Including industry benchmarking as part of the planning process......Page 75
Box 2.10. New Zealand Maori Tourism Facilitation Service (MTFS)......Page 76
Table 2.2. Popular indicators for measuring success......Page 77
Evaluation implementation......Page 78
Box 2.12. United Kingdom best practice communities......Page 79
Evaluation of marketing and promotional campaigns......Page 80
Figure 2.3. VisitDenmark’s marketing evaluation chain......Page 81
Box 2.15. Impact assessment conversion process in New Zealand campaigns......Page 82
Box 2.17. Effectiveness measurement concept applied in Switzerland......Page 83
Box 2.18. The Canadian “Path to Purchase” Model......Page 84
Box 2.19. Australian Tourism Development Programme (ATDP)......Page 85
Box 2.21. Key success factors in evaluation......Page 86
Chapter 3. Policy Approaches to Skills Development in Tourism......Page 89
Competency-based professions in tourism......Page 90
Occupational standards, certification and transferability......Page 91
Box 3.2. Portugal: Examples of training and certification initiatives......Page 92
Projected skills shortages and their drivers......Page 93
Megatrends impacting the skills needed in tourism......Page 94
Table 3.1. Main drivers of change in the hospitality sector......Page 96
Policies to overcome the skills gap......Page 97
The role of migrant labour in addressing shortages......Page 99
Labour migration and the tourism sector......Page 100
Table 3.2. The immigrant share of employment, overall and in low-skilled occupations, 2011, including foreign-born employment in hotels and restaurants......Page 101
The main challenges facing tourism education and training......Page 102
Box 3.5. Egyptian Tourism Workforce Development Program......Page 103
Improving the connection between education and the tourism industry......Page 104
Skills and productivity issues in tourism......Page 105
Box 3.6. How should productivity be measured for tourism?......Page 106
Conclusions......Page 107
References......Page 108
Chapter 4. Country Profiles: Tourism Trends and Policies......Page 111
Statistical summary......Page 112
Table 4.1. International tourist arrivals, 2006-10......Page 113
Table 4.2. International travel receipts and expenditure, 2009-10......Page 114
Table 4.3. Tourism Satellite Account: Internal tourism consumption......Page 116
Managing negative externalities......Page 117
Quality and product development......Page 118
Sharing costs......Page 119
OECD Member Countries......Page 121
Tourism organisation......Page 122
Tourism budget......Page 123
Australia’s National Landscapes Programme......Page 124
Box 4.3. T-QUAL Accreditation......Page 125
Table 4.6. Australia: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 126
Table 4.8. Australia: Tourism in the national economy......Page 127
Table 4.9. Australia: Other economic indicators......Page 128
Tourism organisation......Page 129
National Tourism Strategy......Page 130
Networking, research and product development......Page 132
Statistics and economic evaluation of tourism......Page 131
Table 4.11. Austria: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 133
Table 4.14. Austria: Employment in tourism......Page 134
Table 4.16. Austria: Other economic indicators......Page 135
Tourism organisation......Page 136
Figure 4.3. Belgium, Flanders Region: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 137
Tourism organisation......Page 138
Figure 4.4. Belgium, Walloon Region: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 139
A specific project to promote tourism in the Ardennes forest......Page 140
Recently established inter-governmental platforms......Page 141
Table 4.18. Belgium: Inbound tourism – International arrivals......Page 142
Table 4.20. Belgium: Enterprises in tourism......Page 143
Tourism organisation......Page 144
Tourism budget......Page 145
Tools for evaluation and monitoring......Page 146
Table 4.21. Canada: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 147
Table 4.24. Canada: Enterprises in tourism......Page 148
Table 4.27. Canada: Other economic indicators......Page 149
Tourism organisation......Page 150
National Tourism Strategy......Page 151
Other issues......Page 152
Table 4.31. Chile: Other economic indicators......Page 153
Tourism budget......Page 154
Box 4.7. National Support Programme for Tourism 2010-13......Page 155
Statistics and performance evaluation......Page 156
Table 4.35. Czech Republic: Enterprises in tourism......Page 157
Table 4.37. Czech Republic: Tourism in the national economy......Page 158
Table 4.38. Czech Republic: Other economic indicators......Page 159
Tourism organisation......Page 160
Tourism strategies......Page 161
Table 4.39. Denmark: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 162
Table 4.42. Denmark: Enterprises and employment in tourism......Page 163
Table 4.44. Denmark: Other economic indicators......Page 164
Tourism organisation......Page 165
Figure 4.9. Estonia: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 166
Development of visitor attraction and sights......Page 167
Table 4.46. Estonia: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 168
Table 4.50. Estonia: Tourism in the national economy......Page 169
Table 4.51. Estonia: Other economic indicators......Page 170
Tourism organisation......Page 171
Tourism budgets......Page 172
Medium to long-term tourism strategy and intra-regional programmes......Page 173
Table 4.52. Finland: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 174
Table 4.55. Finland: Enterprises in tourism......Page 175
Table 4.58. Finland: Other economic indicators......Page 176
Territorial organisation......Page 177
Figure 4.11. France: Organisation chart of tourism bodies......Page 178
The main thrusts of tourism policy......Page 179
Box 4.10. Actions to promote sustainable tourism in France......Page 180
Table 4.59. France: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 181
Table 4.62. France: Enterprises in tourism......Page 182
Table 4.65. France: Other economic indicators......Page 183
Tourism organisation......Page 184
Tourism budget......Page 185
Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 186
Table 4.69. Germany: Enterprises in tourism......Page 187
Table 4.71. Germany: Tourism in the national economy......Page 188
Tourism organisation......Page 189
Table 4.72. Greece: Budget of tourism......Page 190
Promotion strategy......Page 191
Table 4.76. Greece: Employment in tourism......Page 192
Tourism organisation......Page 193
Legislative and regulatory environment......Page 194
Sustainability and destination management......Page 195
Co-operation with the tourism industry, consumers and other stakeholders......Page 196
International and intra-regional activities......Page 197
Table 4.80. Hungary: Enterprises in tourism......Page 198
Table 4.83. Hungary: Other economic indicators......Page 199
Tourism organisation......Page 200
Figure 4.15. Iceland: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 201
Product development and innovation......Page 202
Table 4.86. Iceland: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 203
Table 4.89. Iceland: Other economic indicators......Page 204
Tourism organisation......Page 205
Legislative and regulatory environment......Page 206
Development of a culture of evaluation......Page 207
Statistics and economic evaluation of tourism......Page 208
Table 4.90. Ireland: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 209
Table 4.94. Ireland: Employment in tourism......Page 210
Table 4.96. Ireland: Other economic indicators......Page 211
Figure 4.17. Israel: Organisational chart of the Ministry of Tourism......Page 212
Sustainable tourism......Page 213
International activities......Page 214
Table 4.99. Israel: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 215
Table 4.102. Israel: Other economic indicators......Page 216
Tourism organisation and governance......Page 217
Tourism budget......Page 218
Legislation......Page 219
Other recent initiatives......Page 220
Table 4.105. Italy: Outbound tourism – Number of trips......Page 221
Table 4.107. Italy: Other economic indicators......Page 222
Tourism, a source of growth......Page 223
Figure 4.19. Japan: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 224
Legislative and regulatory environment......Page 225
Statistics and performance evaluation......Page 226
Table 4.111. Japan: Enterprises and employment in tourism......Page 227
Table 4.113. Japan: Other economic indicators......Page 228
Tourism organisation......Page 229
Figure 4.20. Korea: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 230
Invigorating the local economy by expanding the needs for domestic tourism......Page 231
Fostering high value-added segments such as MICE and medical tourism......Page 232
Table 4.116. Korea: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 233
Table 4.119. Korea: Other economic indicators......Page 234
Figure 4.21. Luxembourg: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 235
Table 4.121. Luxembourg: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 236
Table 4.123. Luxembourg: Enterprises in tourism......Page 237
Tourism organisation......Page 238
Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 239
Pueblos Mágicos (Magical Towns) Programme......Page 240
Diversity and promotion......Page 241
Table 4.126. Mexico: Outbound tourism – Number of trips and expenditure......Page 242
Table 4.130. Mexico: Other economic indicators......Page 243
Tourism organisation......Page 244
Related policies......Page 245
Table 4.132. Netherlands: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 246
Table 4.136. Netherlands: Other economic indicators......Page 247
Tourism organisation......Page 248
Tourism budget......Page 249
Major events policy......Page 250
Maori tourism......Page 251
Table 4.137. New Zealand: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 252
Table 4.140. New Zealand: Employment in tourism......Page 253
Table 4.142. New Zealand: Other economic indicators......Page 254
Tourism organisation......Page 255
Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 256
Table 4.144. Norway: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 257
Table 4.147. Norway: Employment in tourism......Page 258
Table 4.149. Norway: Other economic indicators......Page 259
Tourism organisation......Page 260
EU structural funds for tourism......Page 262
Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 261
Promotional activities......Page 263
Table 4.152. Poland: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 264
Table 4.156. Poland: Other economic indicators......Page 265
Tourism organisation......Page 266
Legislative and regulatory environment......Page 267
Domestic and inbound tourism development......Page 268
External factors......Page 269
Table 4.159. Portugal: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 270
Table 4.163. Portugal: Other economic indicators......Page 271
Tourism organisation......Page 272
Figure 4.29. Slovak Republic: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 273
Legislation and regulations......Page 274
Industry issues......Page 275
Table 4.165. Slovak Republic: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 276
Table 4.168. Slovak Republic: Enterprises in tourism......Page 277
Table 4.170. Slovak Republic: Tourism in the national economy......Page 278
Table 4.171. Slovak Republic: Other economic indicators......Page 279
Tourism organisation......Page 280
Medium to long-term tourism strategy......Page 282
Tourism budget......Page 281
Domestic and inbound tourism development......Page 283
Statistics and economic evaluation of tourism......Page 284
Table 4.175. Slovenia: Enterprises in tourism......Page 285
Table 4.178. Slovenia: Other economic indicators......Page 286
Tourism organisation......Page 287
Figure 4.31. Spain: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 288
Tourism budget......Page 289
Tourism initiatives......Page 290
Table 4.179. Spain: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 291
Table 4.183. Spain: Employment in tourism......Page 292
Table 4.185. Spain: Other economic indicators......Page 293
Figure 4.32. Sweden: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 294
Government-led strategies......Page 295
Table 4.186. Sweden: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 296
Table 4.191. Sweden: Tourism in the national economy......Page 297
Table 4.192. Sweden: Other economic indicators......Page 298
Tourism budget......Page 299
Defining Switzerland’s tourism positioning......Page 300
Table 4.194. Switzerland: Tourism policy aimed at growth......Page 301
Box 4.21. The Innotour Act......Page 302
Table 4.196. Switzerland: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 303
Table 4.199. Switzerland: Employment in tourism......Page 304
Table 4.201. Switzerland: Other economic indicators......Page 305
Tourism organisation......Page 306
Tourism budget......Page 307
Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 308
Box 4.22. Turkish cultural heritage and tourism......Page 309
Table 4.203. Turkey: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 310
Table 4.206. Turkey: Other economic indicators......Page 311
Tourism organisation......Page 312
Figure 4.35. United Kingdom: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 313
Tourism policy......Page 314
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland......Page 315
Table 4.210. United Kingdom: Enterprises in tourism......Page 316
Table 4.212. United Kingdom: Other economic indicators......Page 317
Tourism organisation......Page 318
Figure 4.36. United States: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 319
Research and statistics......Page 320
Table 4.214. United States: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 321
Table 4.217. United States: Employment in tourism......Page 322
Table 4.219. United States: Other economic indicators......Page 323
OECD Non-member Economies......Page 325
Tourism organisation......Page 326
Tourism strategy......Page 327
A new legal framework......Page 328
Box 4.23. Integrated Plan for Tourism Development in the South Coast......Page 329
Table 4.224. Albania: Other economic indicators......Page 330
Tourism organisation......Page 331
Tourism budget......Page 332
International and intra-regional activities to enhance trade in tourism services......Page 333
Statistics and performance evaluation......Page 334
Table 4.228. Argentina: Enterprises in tourism......Page 335
Table 4.230. Argentina: Tourism in the national economy......Page 336
Tourism organisation......Page 337
Tourism budget......Page 338
Sustainability......Page 339
Table 4.231. Brazil: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 340
Table 4.234. Brazil: Employment in tourism......Page 341
Tourism organisation......Page 342
Medium to long-term tourism strategy......Page 343
Competitiveness, sustainability and environmental responsibility......Page 344
Table 4.235. Bulgaria: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 345
Table 4.239. Bulgaria: Other economic indicators......Page 346
Figure 4.41. Croatia: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 347
Strategic planning......Page 348
Product improvement......Page 349
Table 4.241. Croatia: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 350
Table 4.245. Croatia: Tourism in the national economy......Page 351
Table 4.246. Croatia: Other economic indicators......Page 352
Tourism organisation......Page 353
Strategic Plan 2011-2015......Page 354
Table 4.248. Cyprus: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 355
Table 4.251. Cyprus: Employment in tourism......Page 356
Notes......Page 357
Box 4.25. Recent political and social unrest and its impact on tourism......Page 358
Figure 4.43. Egypt: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 359
Tourism targets and development initiatives......Page 360
Enhancing competitiveness......Page 361
Table 4.254. Egypt: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 362
Table 4.257. Egypt: Enterprises in tourism......Page 363
Table 4.260. Egypt: Other economic indicators......Page 364
Figure 4.44. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 365
Human resources......Page 366
Niche tourism......Page 367
Table 4.264. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Enterprises in tourism......Page 368
Table 4.266. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Other economic indicators......Page 369
Tourism organisation......Page 370
Figure 4.45. India: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 372
Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 371
Table 4.269. India: Outbound tourism – International departures and expenditure......Page 373
Table 4.272. India: Other economic indicators......Page 374
Figure 4.46. Indonesia: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 375
Legislation......Page 376
Table 4.277. Indonesia: Other economic indicators......Page 377
Tourism organisation......Page 378
Tourism budget......Page 379
Tourism development strategies......Page 380
Table 4.280. Latvia: Inbound tourism – International arrivals and receipts......Page 381
Table 4.285. Latvia: Tourism in the national economy......Page 382
Table 4.286. Latvia: Other economic indicators......Page 383
Tourism organisation......Page 384
National Tourism Development Programme 2010-2013......Page 385
Table 4.287. Lithuania: Domestic overnight tourism......Page 386
Table 4.291. Lithuania: Employment in tourism......Page 387
Table 4.293. Lithuania: Other economic indicators......Page 388
Tourism budget......Page 389
Investment......Page 390
Sustainability......Page 391
Table 4.295. Malta: Outbound tourism......Page 392
Table 4.298. Malta: Other economic indicators......Page 393
Tourism organisation......Page 394
Human Resources Development (HRD) Strategy......Page 395
Statistics and performance evaluation......Page 396
Table 4.302. Montenegro: Enterprises in tourism......Page 397
Table 4.305. Montenegro: Other economic indicators......Page 398
Tourism organisation......Page 399
Tourism budget......Page 400
Infrastructure......Page 401
Statistics and performance evaluation......Page 402
Table 4.309. Romania: Employment in tourism......Page 403
Table 4.311. Romania: Other economic indicators......Page 404
Tourism organisation......Page 405
Tourism budget......Page 406
Review of Strategy for Development of Tourism......Page 407
Table 4.314. Serbia: Outbound tourism – International trips and expenditure......Page 408
Table 4.317. Serbia: Other economic indicators......Page 409
Tourism in the economy......Page 410
Figure 4.53. South Africa: Organisational chart of tourism bodies......Page 411
Tourism-related policies and programmes......Page 412
Legislative/policy framework......Page 413
Table 4.321. South Africa: Tourism in the national economy......Page 414
Table 4.322. South Africa: Other economic indicators......Page 415
Annex 4.A1. Basic Methodological References......Page 417
Annex 4.A2. National Tourism Administrations and Related Websites......Page 421