Oecd Information Technology Outlook 2000: Icts, e-Commerce and the Information Economy

FOREWORD
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Highlights
	Information technology and the economy
	Information technology markets
	E-commerce readiness
	Issues in electronic settlements
	Policies to promote electronic financial transactions
	Software development in non-member economies: thecaseofIndia
	Intelligent agent technologies for the Internet
	Global navigation satellite systems and the IT infrastructure
	The future of flat panel displays
Part I. ANALYSIS AND INDICATORS
	Chapter 1. Information Technology and the Economy
		The ICT sector and the economy
			Table 1.  Value added in ICT industries as a percentage of GDP, 1980-97 (or latest available year)
			Table 2. World production of ICT goods, 1997
			Figure 1. Breakdown of worldwide ICT production by region, 1997
			Figure 2. OECD trade in ICT goods, 1990-98
			Table 3. OECD trade in computer equipment by partner country/region, 1990 and 1998
			Table 4. OECD trade in communication equipment by partner country/region, 1990 and 1998
			Table 5. OECD trade in components by partner country/region, 1990 and 1998
			Table 6. OECD trade in software goods by partner country/region, 1998
			Table 7. Software goods: leading exporting and importing countries, 1998
			Table 8. Trade in computer and communications services, 1998
			Table 9. ICT goods: leading exporting and importing countries, 1990-98
			Figure 3.  Employment trends in 14 OECD countries
			Figure 4.  Breakdown of worldwide ICT markets by country/region, 1992 and 1997
			Figure 5.  Breakdown of worldwide ICT markets by segment, 1992 and 1997
			Figure 6.  ICT expenditures as a percentage of GDP in major OECD zones, 1992-97
			Figure 7. ICT expenditures as a percentage of GDP, 1997
			Figure 8. ICT markets in selected non-member economies, 1992 and 1997
		The IT industry: a firm-level view
			Table 10. Top 50 IT firms
			Figure 9. Total revenues for the top 50 firms by primary IT function
			Figure 10.  Revenues for the top 50 IT firms by segment and by country of headquarters, 1998
			Table 11. Major European IT firms
			Figure 11. Revenue and employment in the top 50 IT firms by geographical area, 1998
			Figure 12. Revenue breakdown of the world’s largest IT firms by domestic and foreign revenue, 1998
			Figure 13. Breakdown of sales by segment and revenue source, 1998
			Table 12.  R&D as a percentage of total revenue for 20 of the top 25 IT firms and R&D growth, 1994-98
			Figure 14. Employees and revenue per employee by geographical zone for the top 50 IT firms, 1994-98
			Figure 15. Revenue growth per employee from 1996 to 1998 for selected IT companies
			Figure 16. North American acquisitions and IPOs in the IT, communications and media sectors
			Figure 17. Mergers and acquisitions by sector in Europe and North America, 1997 and 1998
			Figure 18. European mergers and acquisitions in 1998
		Main drivers of ICT growth
			Table 13.  Value added in manufacturing and services as a percentage of GDP in selected OECD  countries/regions...
			Table 14.  Share of ICT sectors in total business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD), 1997
			Figure 19.  R&D intensity in ICT and other industries (selected OECD countries, 1997...)
			Table 15.  Selected R&D-intensive ICT firms, 1998
			Figure 20. R&D growth in selected service industries and total manufacturing, 1990-97
			Figure 21. Patenting in manufacturing and ICT-goods sectors, 1975-96
			Figure 22.  US consumer price index for selected ICT equipment and services...
			Figure 23. Internet access costs and Internet host density, 1999
			Figure 24.  Venture capital investment in ICT sectors in the United States, 1995-98
			Figure 25. Investments in ICT companies in Europe, 1994-98
		Contribution of IT to economic growth
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2. nformation Technology Markets
		Figure 1.  Breakdown of OECD ICT and IT markets, 1997
		The OECD IT market: an overview
			Figure 2. OECD IT market by region/country, 1990-97
			Table 1. IT market in selected OECD countries, 1990 and 1997
			Figure 3. OECD IT market by segment, 1990-97
		Hardware
			Figure 4.  Contribution of high-end servers, data communication equipment, and PC workstations...
			Table 2. Worldwide PC shipments by destination, 1993-98
			Figure 5.  Average PC installed base per 100 inhabitants ans share in the home and education...
			Figure 6. PCs per 100 white-collar workers in selected OECD countries, end 1997
			Figure 7. Producer price indices for computer hardware in the United States, 1992-99
			Figure 8a.  World semiconductor market by segment and region, 1990-98
			Figure 8b.  World semiconductor market by segment and region, 1990-98
			Figure 9. Final use of semiconductor production, 1990-98
		Packaged software
			Figure 10. Packaged software markets, 1990-97
		Services
			Figure 11. IT services markets, 1990-97
		The United States’ IT market profile
			Figure 12. Contribution of the US IT segments to the growth of total OECD IT market, 1992-97
			Figure 13. US IT market by segment, 1990 and 1997
			Figure 14. US IT spending by industry, 1997
			Figure 15. Relative IT intensity index by industry in the United States, 1997
		Notes
	Chapter 3. E-commerce “Readiness”
		Table 1. Electronic commerce: main policy areas
		Figure 1. Maturity of e-commerce markets
		Infrastructure
			Figure 2. Internet hosts per 1 000 inhabitants, July 1999
			Table 2. Estimated number of worldwide Web sites, 1997-99
			Figure 3. Number of secure Web servers per million inhabitants
			Table 3. Access technologies
		Installed base/diffusion
			Figure 4. Breakdown of worldwide Internet users by region, September 1999
			Table 4. Diffusion of PCs and the Internet in households in selected OECD countries
			Figure 5. Access to PCs and Internet in households, early 1999
			Figure 6. Percentage of employees using e-commerce-enabling technologies
			Table 5. Use of cashless payment instruments in selected OECD countries, 1993 and 1997
			Figure 7. PC penetration by household income in selected OECD countries, 1995 and 1998
			Figure 8. Canadian households regularly using a computer by educational level of the head of household, 1997 and 1998
			Figure 9. Adults accessing the Internet in Australia by age, 1998 and 1999
			Figure 10. Percentage of households in Finland with access to PCs and the Internet according to ...
		Human resources
			Figure 11. IT workers and IT-enabled workers
			Figure 12.  Unemployment rates for IT and other workers in the United States, 1988-98
			Table 6. Salary growth for IT and other occupations in the United States, 1988-97
			Figure 13.  Expected annual demand for IT workers and sources of supply in the United States
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Appendix
			Table 1. Cellular mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants, 1997-98
			Table 2.  Internet users as a percentage of the total population in selected OECD countries...
		References
Part II. IT POLICY SPECIAL FOCUS  – ELECTRONIC FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
	Chapter 4. Overview of Issues in Electronic Settlement of Payments
		Figure 1. Scope of the analysis
		Issues pertaining to electronic settlement of payments
		Current landscape of electronic financial settlements
			Figure 2. Penetration of cash dispensers
			Figure 3. ATM usage
			Figure 4. Share of card payments in total non-cash transactions
			Figure 5. Share of cheque payments in total non-cash transactions
			Figure 6. Share of credit transfers in total non-cash transactions
			Figure 7. Share of direct debits in total non-cash transactions
			Table 1. Some numbers on electronic money/purse schemes
			Figure 8. Breakdown of US banks’ electronic banking services
			Table 2. Penetration of electronic banking in selected countries
			Table 3. Cost comparison of paper-based and online transactions
	Emerging issues
	Notes
	Chapter 5. Policies to Promote Electronic Financial Transactions
		General country approach
		Development/demonstration/testing of technologies
			Table 1. Summary of ECOM projects involving SET
		Creating demand for electronic financial transactions
		Policy lessons
	Notes
Part III. CURRENT ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS
	Chapter 6. Software Development in Non-member Economies: The Indian Case
		Table 1. The Indian software industry: exports, domestic and total revenue
		Table 2. The Indian software industry: employment and revenue/employee
		Background and evolution of Indian software firms
			Table 3. Market share by revenue and number of employees, 1997
			Table 4. Top eight Indian IT exporting firms
			Table 5. Revenue of the 405 NASSCOM member firms by geographic region, 1997
		Characteristics of the Indian software industry
			Table 6. Domestic Indian software industry by type of project, 1997-98
			Table 7. Leading IT MNCs in India by revenue
			Table 8. Composition of India’s software exports, 1996-97
			Table 9. Destination of exports, 1997
			Table 10. Percentage of offshore exports based on software development in India
			Table 11. Industrial domain of final product market, 1997
			Table 12. Hardware platform capability claimed by Indian software firms, 1997
			Table 13. Development platform (OS) capability claimed by Indian software firms, 1997
			Table 14. Quality certification – top 250 firms
			Table 15.  Salaries of software professionals in the United States and India, 1997
		An international comparison of performance
			Table 16. The software industry in Israel: exports and total revenue
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 7. Agent Technologies for the Internet
		About intelligent agents
		Applications
		Intelligent shopping agents
		Technological issues
		Economic, legal and policy issues
		Conclusion
		Appendix 1. Selected Intelligent Agents Available on the Internet
		Appendix 2. Selected Intelligent agent web sites, papers
		Notes
	Chapter 8. Global Navigation Satellite Systems and the IT Infrastructure
		Figure 1. GNSS timeline
		What is the Global Navigation Satellite System?
			Figure 2. The three GNSS segments
		Commercial applications of GNSS
			Table 1. GNSS market size estimates
			Table 2. GNSS industry applications
		The stakes and the competition
			Table 3. ITS benefits which include GPS
		National differences in GNSS markets
			Figure 3.  Estimated world GPS market, 2003
			Figure 4. Share of GPS firms by region
		National policies
		Policy challenges at the international level
			Table 4. GNSS bandwidths
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 9. Patterns of Future Use of Flat Panel Displays
		Flat panel display markets and applications
			Table 1. Worldwide electronic display component market, 1999 and 2005
			Figure 1. Breakdown of top applications for FDPs by value, 1997-2005
			Figure 2. Breakdown of portable computer LCDs by screen size, 1997-2005
			Figure 3. Breakdown of desktop monitor LCDs by screen size, 1997-2005
			Figure 4. Large LCD panel prices, 1997-2005
			Figure 5. LCD information capacity, 1991-99
		Industry analysis
			Figure 6. Worldwide LCD market shares (value) by firm, 1998
		Conclusion
Annex 1. STATISTICAL PROFILES
	Australia
		Figure 1.  ICT revenue, 1995-96
		Figure 2. Share of the ICT sector in employment, GDP and R&D, 1995-96
		Figure 3.  ICT employment by industry, 1993-94 and 1995-96
		Figure 4.  Employment growth by selected ICT occupations in ICT industries and all industries...
		Figure 5. ICT manufacturing and services trade, 1990-98
		Figure 6. Households equipped with selected ICT equipment, 1994/96-1998
		Figure 7. Business use of computers and the Internet by size, 1998
		Figure 8. Business use of computers and the Internet by sector, 1994 and 1998
	Canada
		Figure 1. Contribution of the ICT sector to GDP, 1994-97
		Figure 2. Share of the ICT sector in GDP, employment and Canadian industrial R&D, 1990 and 1997
		Figure 3. ICT employment by industry, 1990 and 1997
		Figure 4. ICT manufacturing and services trade, 1990-97
		Figure 5. Schools and libraries connected to the Internet at year-end, 1994-99
		Figure 6. Use of selected ICTs in service industries in Canada, 1996
		Figure 7. Firm use of Internet in the manufacturing sector, 1998
		Figure 8. Overall ICT penetration in Canadian households, 1990 and 1997
		Figure 9. Purpose of on line activities from home among regular home user households, 1998
	Denmark
		Figure 1. Contribution of the ICT sector to GDP, 1992-96
		Figure 2.  Share of the ICT sector in GDP, employment, number of businesses and R&D, 1992 and 1996
		Figure 3. ICT employment by industry, 1992 and 1996
		Figure 4. Employees using PCs or workstations, by sector, 1998
		Figure 5.  Diffusion of ICT in households, 1993-96
		Figure 6.  Diffusion of selected ICT in businesses, 1997-99
		Figure 7.  Internet use by businesses, 1998
		Figure 8. Internet use by businesses, selected sectors, 1998
	Finland
		Figure 1.  Share of the ICT sector in turnover, employment and R&D, 1990 and 1997
		Figure 2. ICT employment by industry, 1990-97
		Figure 3. Structure of ICT sector employment, 1997
		Figure 4. Trade in ICT products, 1990-98
		Figure 5.  Use of IT by employees, 1990-97
		Figure 6. ICT penetration in Finnish households, 1994, 1998 and 1999
		Figure 7.  Use of the Internet by enterprises, 1997-99
		Figure 8.  Enterprises providing Internet services, 1997-99
	France
		Figure 1.  Share of the ICT sector in GDP and employment, 1993 and 1997
		Figure 2.  Employment in the ICT sector, 1989, 1993 and 1996
		Figure 3. ICT penetration in households, 1990 and 1998
		Figure 4. Share of employees using IT at work, 1987-98
		Figure 5. Share of employees using a computer at work, by occupational category, 1991 and 1998
		Figure 6.  E-commerce penetration and Internet usage, 1997
	Italy
		Figure 1. Contribution of the ICT sector to GDP, 1995-96
		Figure 2.  Share of the ICT sector in GDP, employment, number of enterprises, GFCF and R&D...
		Figure 3. ICT employment by industry, 1996
		Figure 4. Diffusion of modems and PCs in SMEs by size, 1996
		Figure 5. Diffusion of ICT in households, various years
		Figure 6. Presence and use of computers at home, by professional status, 1995
	Japan
		Figure 1. Share of the ICT sector in GDP and employment, 1990 and 1997
		Figure 2. ICT employment by industry, 1990, 1995 and 1997
		Figure 3. Trade in electronics goods, 1990-98
		Figure 4. Internet penetration in Japan, 1995-99
		Figure 5. ICT penetration in households, 1992 and 1999
		Figure 6. Number of Internet stores in Japan offering goods and services
	Norway
		Figure 1.  Contribution of the ICT sector to GDP, 1993-95
		Figure 2. Share of the ICT sector in GDP and employment, 1993 and 1996
		Figure 3. ICT employment by industry, 1990 and 1996
		Figure 4. Diffusion of ICT in households, 1995-98
		Figure 5. Breakdown of the time spent on mass media on an average day, 1996 and 1998
		Figure 6. Use of PC an average week, by place of usage, 1995-98
	Portugal
		Figure 1. ICT sector companies, 1995-97
		Figure 2. ICT employment, 1995-97
		Figure 3. ICT employment by industry, 1995-97
	Sweden
		Figure 1. Contribution of the ICT sector to GDP, 1993-96
		Figure 2. Share of the ICT sector in GDP, employment and number of businesses, 1993 and 1996
		Figure 3. ICT employment by industry, 1993 and 1996
		Figure 4. Access to ICT at work and home, 1997
		Figure 5. Computer access, 1996-97
		Figure 6. Importance of Internet and e-mail in communication, by age group, 1997
	United Kingdom
		Figure 1. ICT revenue by industry, 1993-97
		Figure 2. ICT employment by industry, 1995-96
		Figure 3. Share of the ICT sector in GDP, employment, number of businesses and R&D, various years
		Figure 4.  Trade in ICT manufacturing and services, 1996-97
		Figure 5. Use of selected ICTs, 1996-98
	United States
		Figure 1.  Contribution of the ICT sector to growth in real GDP, 1993-98
		Figure 2. Share of the ICT sector in GDP, employment, and growth of investment, 1990 and 1998
		Figure 3. ICT employment by industry, 1990 and 1998
		Figure 4. ICT sector trade, 1993-97
		Figure 5. Use of IT at work, 1993 and 1997
		Figure 6.  Schools, instructional rooms and libraries connected to the Internet...
		Figure 7. Overall ICT penetration in US households, 1994 and 1996-98
Annex 2. Definitions and Methodology
	Notes