OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2019

Preface
Foreword
Reader’s guide
Abbreviations and acronyms
Basic statistics of Turkey
Executive summary
Assessment and recommendations
	1. Environmental performance: Trends and recent developments
		Transition to an energy-efficient and low-carbon economy
		Transition to a resource-efficient economy
		Managing the natural asset base
	2. Environmental governance and management
		Institutional framework
		Regulatory requirements
		Compliance assurance
		Environmental democracy
	3. Towards green growth
		Framework for sustainable development and green growth
		Greening the system of taxes and charges
		Eliminating environmentally harmful subsidies
		Investing in the environment to promote green growth
		Promoting eco-innovation
		Contributing to the global environmental agenda
	4. Climate change
		GHG emissions profile and trends
		Policy and institutional framework
		Mitigation efforts across sectors
			Mitigation in energy supply and power generation
			Mitigation in energy use
			Mitigation in other sectors
		Adaptation to climate change
			Climate change impacts and vulnerability
			Implementation and monitoring
			Mainstreaming adaptation
	5. Urban wastewater management
		Institutional and regulatory framework
		Strategic planning
		Investment and financing
		Innovation
	References
		Annex 1.A. Actions taken to implement selected recommendations of the 2008 OECD Environmental Performance Review of Turkey
Part I. Progress towards sustainable development
	Chapter 1.  Environmental performance: Trends and recent developments
		1.1. Introduction
		1.2. Key economic and social developments
			1.2.1. Economic performance
			1.2.2. Structure of the economy and employment
			1.2.3. Population, regional disparities and well-being
		1.3. Transition to an energy-efficient and low-carbon economy
			1.3.1. Energy structure, intensity and use
				Energy mix
				Energy intensity
				Renewable energy supply
				Energy consumption
			1.3.2. Transport
			1.3.3. Greenhouse gas emissions
				Emissions profile
			1.3.4. Air emissions and air quality
				Emissions profile
				Main policies and measures
		1.4. Transition to a resource-efficient economy
			1.4.1. Material consumption
			1.4.2. Waste management
				Municipal waste
				Hazardous waste
				Chemicals management
			1.4.3. Agriculture
		1.5. Managing the natural asset base
			1.5.1. Biodiversity
				Threatened species
				Protected areas
				Forests
				Main policies and measures
			1.5.2. Management of water resources
				Water resources and abstractions
				Water quality
				Water supply and wastewater treatment
				Main policies and measures
		References
	Chapter 2.  Environmental governance and management
		2.1. Introduction
		2.2. Institutional framework for environmental governance
			2.2.1. Central government and horizontal co-ordination
			2.2.2. Municipalities
		2.3. Setting of regulatory requirements
			2.3.1. Regulatory and policy evaluation
			2.3.2. Environmental impact assessment
			2.3.3. Permitting
			2.3.4. Land-use planning
		2.4. Compliance assurance
			2.4.1. Environmental inspections
			2.4.2. Enforcement tools
			2.4.3. Environmental liability
				Liability for damage to the environment
				Contaminated sites
			2.4.4. Promotion of compliance and green practices
				Greening public procurement
				Environmental management system certifications
		2.5. Promoting environmental democracy
			2.5.1. Public participation in environmental decision making
			2.5.2. Access to environmental information
			2.5.3. Access to justice
			2.5.4. Environmental education
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 3.  Towards green growth
		3.1. Introduction
		3.2. Framework for sustainable development and green growth
		3.3. Greening the system of taxes and charges
			3.3.1. Taxes on energy products and carbon pricing
			3.3.2. Transport taxes and charges
				Taxes on vehicles
				Tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses
				Road pricing
			3.3.3. Feed-in tariff for renewable energy
		3.4. Eliminating environmentally harmful subsidies
			3.4.1. Support for fossil fuel production and consumption
			3.4.2. Agricultural subsidies
		3.5. Investing in the environment to promote green growth
			3.5.1. Environmental expenditures
				Government expenditures
				EU funding
				Private expenditures
			3.5.2. Investment in environment-related infrastructure
				Transportation
				Renewable energy
				Water, wastewater and waste
			3.5.3. Financing green growth
				Public-private partnerships
				Domestic financial sector
				Multilateral development banks
		3.6. Promoting eco-innovation
			3.6.1. Overall innovation performance and policy
			3.6.2. Eco-innovation performance and policy
			3.6.3. Markets for environmentally related products
		3.7. Contributing to the global environmental agenda
			3.7.1. Development co-operation
			3.7.2. Trade and the environment
				Trade agreements
				Foreign direct investment
				Corporate social responsibility
		References
Part II. Progress towards selected environmental objectives
	Chapter 4.  Climate change
		4.1. Introduction
		4.2. State and trends
			4.2.1. Greenhouse gas emissions profile
			4.2.2. International context
		4.3. Institutional and policy framework for climate change mitigation
			4.3.1. Institutional framework
			4.3.2. Policy framework
			4.3.3. Climate-related development finance
		4.4. Key mitigation measures
			4.4.1. Reducing GHG emissions from energy use
			4.4.2. Reducing energy demand
				Industry
				Transport
				Residential and commercial sectors
			4.4.3. Mitigation in agriculture and forestry
				Agriculture
				Land use, land-use change and forestry
		4.5. Climate change impacts and vulnerability
			4.5.1. Current and projected climate change impacts
			4.5.2. Socio-economic implications of climate change
		4.6. Climate change adaptation policy and institutional frameworks
			4.6.1. Climate change policy framework
				Adaptation policy
				Government operations
				Monitoring and evaluation
			4.6.2. Governance for adaptation and disaster risk management
				Co-ordination of adaptation actions across institutions
				Adaptation at the local level
				Co-operation with neighbouring countries
				Improving and sharing knowledge
		4.7. Mainstreaming adaptation into sectoral policies
			4.7.1. Cross-cutting issues
				Water
				Buildings and infrastructure
				Coastal zone planning
				Preparedness for natural hazards
				Health
			4.7.2. Ecosystems
			4.7.3. Key economic sectors
				Agriculture
				Tourism
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 5.  Urban wastewater management
		5.1. State of play and trends
			5.1.1. Urban wastewater in the context of water management
			5.1.2. Pressures
				Point and diffuse sources of pollution
				Economic and social pressures on water abstraction
				State of urban infrastructure for wastewater collection and treatment
				Storm water management
		5.2.  Governance framework
			5.2.1. Institutional arrangements
				Role of national and provincial governments
				Development and investment bank
				Roles and responsibilities of municipalities
			5.2.2. Interagency co-ordination at the national and subnational levels
			5.2.3. Regulatory framework
				Regulations and standards
		5.3. Policies and instruments
			5.3.1. Key strategies and policy objectives
			5.3.2. Economic instruments and incentives
			5.3.3. Information-based instruments
			5.3.4. Performance of water utilities
		5.4. Investment and financing
			5.4.1. Investment needs
			5.4.2. Financing strategy and capacity
				Wastewater tariffs: Cost recovery and affordability
				Domestic public finance and international aid
			5.4.3. Options to meet finance needs
				Increasing operational efficiency and innovative solutions
				Private sector financing
		References