Oecd Environmental Performance Reviews Spain 2004 (Oecd Environmental Performance Reviews)

Foreword......Page 4
Table of contents......Page 6
List of Team Members......Page 13
Map of Spain......Page 14
1. Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 16
Implementing more efficient environmental policies......Page 17
Air......Page 19
Water......Page 20
Nature and biodiversity......Page 22
Integration of environmental concerns in economic decisions......Page 25
Integration of environmental and social concerns......Page 26
Sectoral integration: towards sustainable tourism......Page 27
3. International Commitments......Page 29
2. Air Management......Page 32
Conclusions......Page 33
1. Policy Objectives......Page 35
2. Air Quality and Air Emissions Trends......Page 36
Table 2.1 Air quality standards for ozone......Page 37
Table 2.2 Atmospheric emissions by source......Page 38
Figure 2.1 Air pollutant emissions......Page 39
3. Air Quality Management......Page 41
3.1 Air quality management in the transport sector......Page 42
Box 2.1 Key features of the transport sector......Page 43
Figure 2.2 Trends in the transport sector......Page 44
3.2 Air quality management in the energy sector......Page 45
Box 2.2 Key features of the energy sector......Page 47
Figure 2.3 Energy structure and intensity......Page 48
Box 2.3 Energy outlook......Page 49
Box 2.4 Wind energy in Navarre......Page 50
3. Water Management......Page 52
Recommendations......Page 53
1. Policy Objectives......Page 54
1.1 Central government objectives......Page 55
Box 3.1 The National Hydrological Plan (2001-08)......Page 57
Box 3.2 Irrigation and wise use of water......Page 58
2.1 From demand forecasting to demand management......Page 59
2.3 Trends in water abstraction and use......Page 60
Figure 3.1 Freshwater use......Page 61
Figure 3.2 Decoupling total freshwater abstraction from GDP......Page 62
3.1 Water quality trends in rivers and reservoirs......Page 63
Figure 3.4 Water quality in rivers......Page 64
3.2 Groundwater quality trends......Page 65
4.1 Delivery of drinking water services......Page 66
4.2 The challenge of the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive......Page 67
Figure 3.5 Population connected to public waste water treatment plant......Page 69
5. Integrating Agricultural and Water Policies......Page 70
Figure 3.6 Intensity of use of nitrogenous fertilisers......Page 71
6.2 Water charges and financing......Page 72
6.3 Strengthening water economics......Page 73
4. Nature and Biodiversity Management......Page 76
Recommendations......Page 77
1. Policy Objectives......Page 79
Box 4.1 Institutional framework and public participation in nature management......Page 80
2. Wildlife Conservation......Page 81
Table 4.2 Inventories of species and habitats......Page 82
Figure 4.1 Fauna and flora......Page 83
Table 4.3 Legislative framework for nature conservation......Page 84
3.1 Terrestrial ecosystems......Page 85
Figure 4.2 Protected areas......Page 86
Table 4.4 Trends in protected areas......Page 87
Table 4.6 Designation of biosphere reserves and wetlands......Page 89
3.2 Aquatic ecosystems......Page 90
Box 4.2 Toxic spill in the Doñana National Park......Page 92
4.1 Forestry......Page 93
4.2 Agriculture......Page 94
4.3 Physical planning......Page 95
4.4 Tourism......Page 97
5. International Commitments......Page 98
Box 4.3 Curbing soil erosion and combating desertification......Page 99
5. Environmental-Economic Interface......Page 100
Recommendations......Page 101
Implementing more efficient environmental policies......Page 102
1.1 Decoupling environmental pressures from economic growth......Page 103
Box 5.1 The socio-economic context......Page 104
Figure 5.1 Economic structure and trends......Page 105
Table 5.2 Economic trends and environmental pressures......Page 106
1.2 Sustainable development and institutional integration......Page 107
Table 5.3 Use of EU Structural Funds for environmental protection in Spain......Page 109
Box 5.2 Institutional context for implementing environmental policy......Page 111
Box 5.3 Selected Recommendations of the 1997 OECD Environmental Performance Review of Spain......Page 113
Figure 5.2 Agriculture......Page 115
1.3 Sustainable development and market-based integration......Page 116
Table 5.4 Evolution of fuel tax rates......Page 118
Figure 5.3 Road fuel prices and taxes......Page 119
2.1 Environmental policy objectives......Page 121
Table 5.5 Environmental data on Spain’s autonomous regions......Page 122
2.2 Implementation and enforcement of legislation......Page 123
Table 5.6 Selected national environmental legislation......Page 124
Table 5.7 Enforcement activities by SEPRONA......Page 125
2.3 Use of economic instruments......Page 126
2.4 Voluntary approaches......Page 128
2.6 Environmental expenditure and its financing......Page 129
6. the Environmental-Social Interface......Page 132
Recommendations......Page 133
1.1 Direct environmental jobs......Page 134
Box 6.1 Social context......Page 135
Figure 6.1 Social indicators......Page 136
Table 6.2 Basic data on the autonomous regions......Page 137
2. Environmental Health......Page 138
3.1 Environmental information and indicators......Page 139
Box 6.2 Towards a Spanish strategy for sustainable development and public participation......Page 140
3.3 Appeal procedures and access to the courts......Page 141
3.4 Public participation......Page 142
Box 6.3 Implementation of Local Agenda 21......Page 144
4. Environmental Education......Page 145
7. Sectoral Integration: Tourism......Page 148
Recommendations......Page 149
Table 7.1 Tourism’s contribution to the Spanish economy......Page 150
Figure 7.1 Tourism trends......Page 151
Table 7.2 International tourist arrivals......Page 152
2. Sustainable Tourism Policy Objectives......Page 153
3.1 Strategic vision, planning and programming of sustainable tourism......Page 154
Table 7.3 Selected environmental tourism indicators......Page 156
3.3 Efforts accomplished by the industry......Page 157
4.1 Coastal areas and construction......Page 158
4.2 Water and energy resources......Page 160
Box 7.3 Tourism development in the Balearic Islands......Page 161
Table 7.4 Electricity consumption attributable to tourism......Page 162
4.3 Nature and biodiversity......Page 163
8. International Co-operation......Page 164
Recommendations......Page 165
1.1 Trends in GHG emissions in recent years......Page 166
Table 8.1 GHG emissions......Page 167
Table 8.3 Final energy consumptiona by sector and by type......Page 168
Table 8.4 Energy prices in selected OECD countries......Page 169
1.2 Outlook......Page 170
1.3 Strategy......Page 171
2.1 Marine pollution......Page 172
Box 8.1 Selected Recommendations of the 1997 OECD Environmental Performance Review of Spain......Page 174
2.2 Fisheries......Page 178
Table 8.7 Selected Spanish fish catches in the Mediterranean Sea......Page 180
3. Trade and Environment......Page 181
4. Official Development Assistance and the Environment......Page 182
Figure 8.1 Official development assistance......Page 183
5. Regional and Bilateral Co-operation......Page 184
Table 8.8 Performance in meeting international targets on air pollutant emissions......Page 186
References......Page 188
I.A: Selected Environment Data......Page 189
I.B:  Selected Economic Data......Page 191
I.C:  Selected Social Data......Page 193
II.A: Selected multilateral agreements (worldwide)......Page 195
II.B: Selected multilateral agreements (regional)......Page 201
Reference III. Abbreviations......Page 205
Reference IV. Physical Context......Page 207
Reference V. Selected Environmental Events (1997-2003)......Page 208
Reference VI. Selected Environmental Web Sites......Page 212