OECD Economic Surveys - Austria 2017.

Table of contents
Basic statistics of Austria, 2016
Executive summary
	Growth has picked up but fundamentals should be strengthened
		Growth is regaining momentum
	Austria’s transition towards digitalisation has been lagging
		Share of firms using cloud computing, 2016
	Changing demand for skills affects equality of opportunity
		Adults with advanced digital proficiency
Assessment and recommendations
	Growth is picking-up and digitalisation brings new challenges and opportunities
		Figure 1. Well-being is high
		Figure 2. Redistribution plays an important role
		Box 1. Considering the tax-and-benefit system as a whole
		Figure 3. Divergences in life satisfaction
		Figure 4. The low-educated face special pressures
		Figure 5. Migration inflows have fostered labour supply
		Figure 6. Job tenure is long and geographic mobility low
	Growth is picking up
		Figure 7. Austria’s market share in main export destinations
		Figure 8. Recent developments
		Table 1. Macroeconomic indicators and projections
		Table 2. Possible shocks and their economic impact
		Figure 9. Evolution of macro-financial vulnerabilities since 2007
	Macroeconomic policy has been supportive
		Fiscal policy is being used more actively
			Figure 10. Fiscal balances have improved but debt remains high
			Box 2. The January 2017 policy package
			Box 3. Implementation of a fiscal initiative in the European context
			Figure 11. Long-term fiscal pressures arising from ageing are high
			Figure 12. The public debt path is highly uncertain
		Deeper fiscal reforms should be a policy priority
			Figure 13. Revenue and spending structures offer room for reform
		Further rationalisation is desirable in the financial sector
			Figure 14. Bank profitability and capital adequacy are relatively low
			Box 4. Capacity adjustments in the banking sector
			Figure 15. Monetary policy transmission operates well but there are signs of friction
	Raising medium-term growth
		Figure 16. Potential growth has weakened
		Figure 17. Participation increased but mainly in part-time jobs
		Table 3. Past recommendations to promote gender equality and actions taken
		Fostering innovation and productivity
			Figure 18. Labour productivity growth by sector
			Table 4. Past recommendations to promote growth
			Figure 19. Retail and professional services remain over-regulated
	Seizing opportunities and addressing the challenges arising from digitalisation
		Box 5. Austria’s “Digital Roadmap”
		Digitalisation as a new frontier
			Figure 20. Advanced digital infrastructures are less used in Austria
			Figure 21. Enterprises lag behind peers in most ICT applications
			Figure 22. The overall degree of digitalisation is behind its expected level
			Figure 23. Small firms display distinct weaknesses in ICTs
			Figure 24. ICT adoption gaps between population groups: the case of e-commerce
		Managing the labour market and social consequences of digitalisation
			Figure 25. Differences in skills use at work between Austria and peer countries
			Figure 26. The adult population’s digital proficiency is lower than in peer countries
	Challenges for green growth
		Figure 27. Green growth indicators: Austria
	Bibliography
Annex.
Progress in structural reform
	Promoting growth
	Promoting gender equality
Thematic chapters
	Chapter 1.
Austria’s digital transition: The diffusion challenge
		Austria is in an intermediary position in the digital transition
			Figure 1.1. Austria in the international digital transition
			Figure 1.2. Austria is an innovation leader in e-government but diffusion is slow among households
			Box 1.1. Special economic impacts of digitalisation
		Convergence with the global technological frontier is uneven across sectors and firms
			Figure 1.3. ICT usage across industries
			Figure 1.4. Machine-to-machine mobile cellular subscriptions
		Digitalisation trends in the business sector
			The generalisation of ICT applications in the business sector is slower than in peer countries
				Figure 1.5. Broadband connectivity
				Figure 1.6. Digital marketing
				Figure 1.7. Digital management
				Figure 1.8. Cloud computing
			Three factors foster diffusion in the business sector
				Figure 1.9. The adult population’s digital problem solving proficiency is lower than in peer countries
				Figure 1.10. Too few Austrians have advanced digital skills
				Figure 1.11. Austria’s position in ICT-specialist skills
				Figure 1.12. Austrian firms’ work processes are less information-intensive
				Figure 1.13. The organisation of ICT functions in firms differs from peer countries
				Figure 1.14. Firm demographics may be affecting the modernisation of business models
				Box 1.2. The Open Innovation Strategy and digitalisation-oriented programmes
				Box 1.3. Hagenberg Software Park
		Digitalisation trends in households
			The generalisation of digital innovations in households is slower than in peer countries
				Figure 1.15. Broadband connectivity of households
				Figure 1.16. Average advertised download speeds
				Figure 1.17. Use of computers and internet by households
				Figure 1.18. Specific internet applications used by households
			Factors influencing the adoption of digital innovations in households
				Figure 1.19. Influence of age
				Figure 1.20. Influence of education
				Figure 1.21. Influence of gender
				Figure 1.22. Influence of immigration origin
		Public strategies to foster digital transition call for broad social support
			Recognising the employment and social cohesion challenges of digitalisation
			Upgrading skills
			Renewing business models
			Promoting more competitive digital markets
			Reinforcing the broadband infrastructure
				Figure 1.23. Fibre subscriptions among countries
			Generalising e-government innovations
			Fostering bottom-up innovations
				Box 1.4. Airbnb and Uber in Austria: Vienna’s approach to the “sharing” economy
			Improving trust and consumer protection
			Digital Europe, digital world
				Recommendations to facilitate ICT diffusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 2.
Inclusive labour markets in the digital era
		The future of work
			Facing automation anxiety
				Figure 2.1. Change in employment shares between 1998 and 2015
				Figure 2.2. Employment rates in Austria by age and level of education
				Figure 2.3. Automation will affect a large share of jobs
				Figure 2.4. Estimated effect of skill use at work on automatibility of jobs
				Figure 2.5. Differences in skills use at work between Austria and peer countries
				Figure 2.6. “Bright outlook occupations” in the United States
				Figure 2.7. Share of “bright outlook occupations” by educational attainment
			Integrating new forms of work
				Box 2.1. Statutory differences between non-standard and standard work
			Redistributing the gains of digitalisation
				Figure 2.8. Structure of general government revenues
				Figure 2.9. The tax-and-transfer system is strongly redistributive
		Getting skills right
			Developing basic digital skills and raising awareness of digital gaps
				Figure 2.10. Many 15-year-olds lack basic scientific skills
				Box 2.2. Education reform 2015
				Figure 2.11. Attitudes towards science
				Figure 2.12. Problem-solving by educational attainment
			Ensuring diversity and responsiveness of educational tracks
				Figure 2.13. Status of the 20-24 year-olds
				Figure 2.14. Upper secondary enrolment rates of 15-19 year-olds
				Figure 2.15. Time to first employment by type of education
				Figure 2.16. Median monthly earnings by type of educational track
			Promoting life-long learning solutions
				Figure 2.17. Participation rate in education and training
				Box 2.3. Singapore’s SkillsFuture programme
		Using skills effectively in the labour market
			Activating and retaining skilled people
				Figure 2.18. Employment by gender and age of youngest child in household
				Figure 2.19. Employment rates of 55-64 year olds
				Figure 2.20. Educational attainment and labour market status by place of birth
			Reducing skill mismatches
				Figure 2.21. Field-of-study mismatch by field and occupational group
				Box 2.4. Labour market mismatch: evidence from PIAAC
				Figure 2.22. Policy reforms can reduce skills mismatch
			Adapting work organisation and management practices
				Figure 2.23. Differences in the use of ICT at work
				Figure 2.24. Difference in the prevalence of learning and flexibility at work
				Recommendations for inclusive labour markets in the digital era
		Bibliography