Odour in Textiles: Generation and Control

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Textile Institute Professional Publications
	References
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1. The Consumer Perception of Odour
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Olfaction: The Sense of Smell
	1.3 History of the Sense of Smell
	1.4 Perception of Odour
	1.5 Scents Enhancing Marketing
	1.6 The Meaning of Clean Clothes
	1.7 Summary
	References
2. Human Odor: An Overview of Current Knowledge and Experimental Designs
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Physiological Assessment
		2.2.1 Human Skin Structure
		2.2.2 Glandular Activity
	2.3 A Microbiological Context
	2.4 Genetic Sources
	2.5 Human Odor - A Volatolomic Perspective
		2.5.1 Sampling Preconcentration and Extraction Techniques
		2.5.2 Analytical Detection
	2.6 Conclusions
	References
3. Sources and Characterization Approaches of Odour and Odour-Causing Bodily Compounds in Worn Clothing
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Odour-Causing Bodily Compounds
	3.3 Odour Detection and Characterization
		3.3.1 Olfactometry - Sensory Methods
			3.3.1.1 Sensory Odour Measurement in Textile Research
		3.3.2 Physicochemical and Instrumental Methods
			3.3.2.1 Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
			3.3.2.2 Chemical Sensors - Electronic Noses
			3.3.2.3 Indirect Methods Targeting Odour-Causing Compounds
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
4. Axillary Odour Formation and Retention: The Role of Textiles Fibers and Fabric Structure
	4.1 Introduction to Axilla Odour
	4.2 Bacteria and Odour Formation
	4.3 Role of Textile Fibers in Odour Formation
	4.4 Role of Textile Structures in Odour Formation
	4.5 Summary and Future Scope
	References
5. Textile Odour Control by Adsorption
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Adsorption
	5.3 Adsorbents for Textile Odour Control
		5.3.1 Activated Carbons
		5.3.2 Cyclodextrins
		5.3.3 Other Adsorbents for Body Odour Control
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6. Odour Control or Inhibition Using Antimicrobial Finishing
	6.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
		6.1.1 The Skin Microbiome
		6.1.2 Odour Formation in Textiles
	6.2 Antimicrobial Agents in the Textile Industry
		6.2.1 Synthetic Antibacterial Finishes and Nanoparticles
			6.2.1.1 Metals and Metallic Salts
			6.2.1.1.1 Silver
			6.2.1.1.2 Copper
			6.2.1.1.3 Zinc
			6.2.1.1.4 Others
			6.2.1.2 Triclosan
			6.2.1.3 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs)
		6.2.2 Alternative Antimicrobials in the Textiles Industry
			6.2.2.1 Environmental and Toxicity Concerns
			6.2.2.2 New Directions
		6.2.3 Natural Antibacterial Finishes
			6.2.3.1 Bamboo
			6.2.3.2 Chitosan
			6.2.3.3 Essential Oils Nanoparticles
			6.2.3.4 Hydrogen Peroxide
	6.3 Emerging Technologies
		6.3.1 Microencapsulation
		6.3.2 Incorporating Beneficial Bacteria in Textiles
			6.3.2.1 Microbiome-Smart Clothing
			6.3.2.2 Bio-Inspired Nanostructures
			6.3.2.3 Graphene
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
7. Herbal Antibacterial Agents as Odour Control Finish in Textiles
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Synthetic Antibacterial Agents and Odour Control Ability
	7.3 Natural Antibacterial Agents in Odour Control
		7.3.1 Terminalia Chebula extracts and Odour Control
		7.3.2 Effect of Herbal Antibacterial Treatment on Different Textile Fibers
		7.3.3 Effect of Fabric Structure and Antibacterial Treatment
		7.3.4 Objective Measurement of Odour Reduction - GC-MS Analysis
			7.3.4.1 GC-MS Spectra of Cotton Fabric Worn Next to the Axilla
			7.3.4.2 GC-MS Spectra of Terminalia Chebula Finished Cotton Fabric Worn Next to the Axilla
		7.3.4 Summary
	References
8. Fragrance Finishing on Textile Substrate for Odour Control
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Malodour Causing Sources
	8.3 Mechanism of Odour Control from the Fabric
	8.4 Fragrance Oil for Finishing on the Fabric
	8.5 Methods of Manufacturing Malodour Controlling Textile Substrate
		8.5.1 Surface Treatment of Odourant on the Fabric
		8.5.2 Adsorption of the Odourants on the Fabric
		8.5.3 Encapsulation of Odourant on the Fabric
			8.5.3.1 Spray Drying of Odourant on the Fabric
			8.5.3.2 Coacervation
			8.5.3.3 In-situ Polymerization
			8.5.3.4 Interfacial Polymerization
			8.5.3.5 Ionotropic Gelation Technique
			8.5.3.6 Microcapsules/Nanocapsules
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9. Textile and Other Odours: A Focus on Third-hand Smoke and Laundry Odour
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Tobacco/Cigarette Smoke and Textiles
	9.3 THS and Fabric Interaction Mechanism
	9.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Cigarette Smoke
	9.5 Human Exposure of THS from Textiles
	9.6 Control of THS exposure
	9.7 Laundry Odour and Textiles
	9.8 Washing Machines on Laundry Malodour
	9.9 Laundry Odour from Drying/Environment
	9.10 Other Odours in Textiles
		9.10.1 Food Odour
		9.10.2 Fish Odour
		9.10.3 Vegetable Odour
		9.10.4 Pet Odour
	9.11 Summary
	References
10. Textile Cleaning and Odour Removal
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Soils and Odours
	10.3 Cleaning Factors
		10.3.1 Water
		10.3.2 Temperature
		10.3.3 Mechanical Agitation
		10.3.4 Time
		10.3.5 Chemistry - Detergents
	10.4 Maintenance Methods
		10.4.1 Washing with a Machine
		10.4.2 Washing by Hand
		10.4.3 Dry-Cleaning
		10.4.4 Airing and Other Methods Without the Use of Solvents
		10.4.5 Drying Methods
	10.5 Washing of Textiles in Different Fibres
		10.5.1 Natural Fibres of Vegetable Origin
		10.5.2 Wool, Hair, and Fur Fibres
		10.5.3 Silk
		10.5.4 Regenerated Cellulose Fibres
		10.5.5 Synthetic Fibres
		10.5.6 Leather, Skin and Fur
	10.6 Impacts of Laundry Odour on the Environment and Consumer Behaviour
	10.7 Conclusions
	References
11. Odour Evaluation Techniques in Textiles Area: Introduction of E-nose as a Potential Alternative Tool
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Odour Definition
		11.1.2 Chemical Structures of Aroma Compounds
		11.1.3 Odour Types in Textile Materials
	11.2 Measuring Methods
		11.2.1 Analytical Method
			11.2.1.1 Sensory Panel Analysis as a Qualitative Method (Human Nose)
		11.2.2 Analysing Tool for Odour Identification/Release Assessment of Aroma and Volatile Compounds
			11.2.2.1 Gas Chromatography Coupled with Different Detectors
			11.2.2.2 Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry
			11.2.2.3 Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction
			11.2.2.4 Other Instrumental Techniques
	11.3 Innovations in Odour Assessment in Textiles
		11.3.1 Electronic Nose as a Quantitative Odour Assessment
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
12. Odour Testing Methods and Regulatory Norms
	12.1 Introduction: The Purpose of Odour Testing in Textiles
	12.2 Sensory Testing Parameters and Testing Methods
		12.2.1 Testing Method for Detectability
			12.2.1.1 Measurement of Odour Concentration Using Olfactometry
		12.2.2 Test Methods for Intensity
		12.2.3 Test Methods for Odour Quality (Descriptive)
		12.2.4 Test Methods for Hedonic Tone
		12.2.5 Test Methods for Annoyance Potential
	12.3 Sample Preparation
		12.3.1 Odorant Sample Collection on a Textile
			12.3.1.1 Evaluation of the Odour Reduction Efficiency of a Textile
			12.3.1.2 In-vivo or In-wear Tests
			12.3.1.3 In-vitro Malodour Exposure Tests
			12.3.1.4 Standardised Laundry Tests
		12.3.2 Collecting the Textile Sample
		12.3.3 Obtaining a Sample of the Inherent Odorant Gas Emitted by a Textile
			12.3.3.1 Evaluation by Direct Smelling
			12.3.3.2 Obtaining a Standardised Static Headspace Sample of Odorant Gas
			12.3.3.3 Dynamic Headspace Extraction of Odorant Gas
	12.4 Sample Presentation
		12.4.1 Direct Sniffing
		12.4.2 Direct Sniffing Under Standardised Conditions
		12.4.3 Dynamic Olfactometer
	12.5 Molecular Odorant Analysis Using GC-MS and GC-O
		12.5.1 Expressing Odour Stimulus Relevance of Odorants as Odour Activity Value (OAV)
	12.6 Case Studies
		12.6.1 Case Study 1: Odour Reduction Efficacy of Textile Treated with Odour Control Technology
		12.6.2 Case Study 2: Molecular Determination of Compounds Responsible for Malodours in Fabric Samples by TD-GC-Sniffing-ToFMS
		12.6.3 Case Study 3: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Steamer to Reduce Odours on Textile
			12.6.3.1 Results
		12.6.4 Case Study 4: Odour Test for Textile Floorcoverings
	12.7 Summary
	References
Index