Odontodes: The Developmental and Evolutionary Building Blocks of Dentitions

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Half Title
Series
Title
Copyright
Contents
Series Preface
Preface
About the Editor
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 On Dental Cell Types and Cell Populations, Also in Light of Evolution
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Types of Teeth
		1.1.2 Developmental Origin of Dental Cell Types
		1.1.3 Cell Types and Continuously Growing Teeth
	1.2 Current Perspective on Dental Cell Types
		1.2.1 Epithelium-Derived Cell Types
		1.2.2 Mesenchyme-Derived Cell Types
		1.2.3 Blood Vessels
		1.2.4 Dental Innervation and Associated Cell Types
		1.2.5 Tissue-Residential Immune Cells of the Pulp
		1.2.6 Cellular Composition of Structures Anchoring Teeth in Jaws
	1.3 Evolution of Cell Types Building Odontodes
		1.3.1 Evolution of Odontoblasts and Osteocytes
		1.3.2 Evolution of Pulp Cells
		1.3.3 Evolution of Cell Types Forming Tooth Attachment — Cementoblasts and Periodontal Ligamentum
		1.3.4 Evolution of Ameloblasts
	1.4 Perspectives of Single-Cell Omics Methods in the Evolution of Cell Types Building Odontodes
	References
Chapter 2 The Conquest of the Oropharynx by Odontogenic Epithelia
	2.1 Introduction: What Are Teeth and Where Are They Formed?
	2.2 The Odontogenic Epithelia: New Players
	2.3 Odontogenesis Starts in Stratified Epithelia
	2.4 Odontogenesis in the Oral Region Is Restricted to Odontogenic Bands or Dental Laminae
	2.5 The Distribution of Pharyngeal Teeth: The Role of Retinoic Acid
	2.6 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 3 The Neural Crest and the Development of Odontoskeletogenic Potential along the Body Axis
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Distinct Neural Crest Subpopulations with Different Developmental Potential along the Anteroposterior Axis
	3.3 Skeletal Biomineralization Is Tightly Associated with the Acquisition of Neural Crest
	3.4 Schwann Cell Precursors, Cells with Neural Crest-like Developmental Potential
	3.5 Neural Crest as a Generator of Odontoskeletogenic Potential along the Body Axis
	3.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Evolutionary Genomics of Odontode Tissues
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Tooth and Odontode Cells: Conserved Features in Extant Jawed Vertebrates
	4.3 Tooth and Dermal Odontode Tissues: Variable Histological Features in Jawed Vertebrates
	4.4 Tooth/Odontode Biomineralization, Shared Ancestral Processes?
	4.5 General ECM Structural Components
		4.5.1 Fibrillar and Minor Collagens
		4.5.2 Proteoglycans
	4.6 Matrix Mineralization Components
		4.6.1 The Matrix- and Bone-Gla Proteins
		4.6.2 The Specific Case of Type X Collagen
		4.6.3 SPARC (Osteonectin) and SPARC-like Proteins
		4.6.4 Extracellular Phosphatases
	4.7 The Secretory Calcium-Binding Phosphoprotein Family
		4.7.1 P/Q-Rich SCPPs
		4.7.2 The SIBLING Family of Acidic SCPPs
	4.8 Matrix Degradation Components
		4.8.1 Matrixins: The Matrix Metalloproteinase Family
		4.8.2 Adamalysins: The ADAM and ADAMTS Families
		4.8.3 Astacins: The Bmp1/Tll and Meprins
		4.8.4 Non-metzincin Proteases: Peptide Release and Ground Matrix Degradation
	4.9 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 5 Odontoblast Repertoire Delivers Significantly Different Dental Tissues from Pluripotent Neural Crest-Derived Cells
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Model of Morphogenetic Units Formed from Cranial Neural Crest (CNC)
	5.3 Development of Odontoblasts within a Tooth Module
		5.3.1 Loss of Potential to Make Tooth Germs in Extant Holocephalans
		5.3.2 Early Stages of Cell Differentiation in the Tooth Module
		5.3.3 New Tooth Modules that Form Continuously in Adult Jaws
	5.4 Evolution of Dentine Tissues and Odontoblast Plurality
	5.5 Enameloid Production by Odontoblasts with Variation in Sharks and Rays (Elasmobranchii)
		5.5.1 Shark Age Series in a Tooth Whorl
		5.5.2 Enameloid as a Product of the Odontoblasts
		5.5.3 Osteodentine as a Product of the Odontoblasts
		5.5.4 Odontoblast Production in Dermal Saw Teeth
		5.5.5 Rays Age Series in Tooth Whorls of Rhinoptera and Rhinobatos
	5.6 Hypermineralised Dentine in Holocephalans without Teeth
		5.6.1 Extinct Holocephalans with Teeth
		5.6.2 Extant Forms without Teeth and New Hypermineralised Tissue Type
	5.7 Odontoblasts in Bony Fishes (Actinopterygii), Fossil and Extant
		5.7.1 Odontoblasts Manage the Coronal Enameloid in Crushing Teeth
		5.7.2 Odontoblast Activity in the Dentine of In-Group Tetraodontiformes (Neopterygii; Eupercaria)
	5.8 Odontoblasts Migrate to Repair Bone Damage in Heterostraci
		5.8.1 Dentine Tubercles Renewed and Regenerated by Odontoblasts Making Orthodentine Infills
		5.8.2 Response of Odontoblasts to Massive Damage from a Wound to the Armour
	5.9 Discussion
		5.9.1 Interpretations of the Odontoblast Repertoire
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6 Shifting Perspectives in the Study of Amniote Tooth Attachment and the Path Forward to Establishing Vertebrate Periodontal Tissue Homology
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Describing Dentitions: Tooth Implantation and Attachment Are Different
	6.3 What Do We Call the Attachment Tissues in Nonmammalian Amniotes?
	6.4 Problematic Tissues and Structures
	6.5 Ankylosis, Gomphosis, and the Variably Mineralized PDL: Lessons from Synapsids and Archosaurs
	6.6 Heterochrony and Amniote Tooth Attachment Tissue Evolution
	6.7 Development of the Periodontal Tissues and Hers, and Their Relationship with Tooth Implantation
	6.8 Co-opting Cementum: More Shifts in Developmental Timing to Produce Complex and Continually Erupting Teeth
	6.9 The Path Forward: What Do We Call the Attachment Tissues in Other Vertebrates?
	References
Chapter 7 Initiation and Periodic Patterning of Vertebrate Dentitions
	7.1 Introducing the Patterned Dentitions
	7.2 Reaction–Diffusion Mechanisms and Periodic Patterning of Skin Derivatives
		7.2.1 Basics of Reaction–Diffusion Mechanisms
		7.2.2 Reaction–Diffusion Mechanisms in Patterning the Mammalian Hair Follicles
		7.2.3 Patterning the Bird Plumage: Turing with and without a Wave
		7.2.4 From Body Covers to Dentitions
	7.3 Reaction–Diffusion Mechanisms and Periodic Patterning of Teeth
		7.3.1 Specification of the Region Committed for Tooth Development
		7.3.2 Specification of Tooth Competence in the Mouse
		7.3.3 Specification of Tooth Competence in Ray-finned Fishes
		7.3.4 How to Initiate Development of the Dentition: The Role of the Initiator Tooth
		7.3.5 The Molecular Basis of Mammalian Dentition Patterning
		7.3.6 Periodic Pattern Generators as Assemblers of Multirowed Dentitions
		7.3.7 Dental Stem Cells as the Source of Patterned Replacing Dentitions
	7.4 Prospects and Ideas for Periodic Tooth Patterning
		7.4.1 Mathematical Modeling for Periodic Tooth Patterning
		7.4.2 Identification of Molecular Players in the Reaction–Diffusion Mechanisms
		7.4.3 The Origin of Tooth Classes in Mammals
		7.4.4 Is the First Tooth Always Non-functional?
		7.4.5 Integrating Turing Patterns with Other Developmental Mechanisms
	7.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 8 The Selected Deviation: The Acquisition of In-situ Tooth Replacement by Creating a Gap to Fill
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Did In-situ Tooth Replacement Evolve De Novo?
		8.1.2 Is Alternation a True Pattern of Dental Development?
	8.2 Process Components of Odontode Ontogeny
		8.2.1 Identical Direction of Tooth Addition and Bone Growth
		8.2.2 Differential Timing between Tooth Addition and Bone Growth
		8.2.3 Gap-Filling Autonomy during the Initiation of Tooth Position
		8.2.4 Cyclic In-situ Tooth Replacement as a Modification of Columnar Succession
		8.2.5 The Deposition of Replacement Teeth Requires a Gap to Be Filled
	8.3 Discussion
		8.3.1 Chemical Signals of Activation or Inhibition
		8.3.2 Dental Lamina and Sox2
		8.3.3 Odontogenic Gene Regulatory Network
		8.3.4 Close Packing of Odontodes Coupled with Space Constraint of Skeleton
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Complexity, Networking, and Many-Model Thinking Enhance Understanding of the Patterning, Variation, and Interactions of Human Teeth and Dental Arches
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Background
		9.2.1 Investigating Variation Using Advances in Methodology and Concepts
	9.3 The Developmental Basis for Variation
		9.3.1 Process
		9.3.2 Factors
		9.3.3 Interactions
		9.3.4 Patterning
	9.4 Variation in Tooth Number, Size, and Shape
		9.4.1 Prevalence
		9.4.2 Factors
		9.4.3 Interactions
	9.5 Dental Arches
		9.5.1 Development
		9.5.2 Factors
	9.6 Relationship and Coordination of Tooth and Dental Arch Development
		9.6.1 Relationship
		9.6.2 Coordination
	9.7 Effect of Variations of Tooth Number, Size, and Shape on Dental Arches
	9.8 Evolutionary Trends
	9.9 Complexity, Networks, and Multiple Models Enhance Our Understanding of Development
		9.9.1 Complexity and Networks
		9.9.2 Multiple Models
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index