Oceanography And Marine Biology

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 3
COPYRIGHT......Page 4
PREFACE......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
INTRODUCTION......Page 7
ACTUAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS......Page 8
POTENTIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS......Page 9
THE 14C TECHNIQUE......Page 12
CELLULAR CHLOROPHYLL a CONTENT......Page 13
TEMPERATURE......Page 15
BIOCHEMICAL DETERMINANTS OF Pmax......Page 16
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT......Page 17
LIGHT-HARVESTING POTENTIAL......Page 18
EFFICIENCY OF CONVERSION OF RADIANT ENERGY TO BIOMASS......Page 19
INORGANIC CARBON UPTAKE......Page 20
PEP CARBOXYLATION......Page 21
DOES PHOTORESPIRATION OCCUR IN MARINE ALGAE?......Page 23
PHOTORESPIRATION AND PRODUCTIVITY ESTIMATES......Page 24
PHOTOINHIBITION......Page 25
DOES MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION PROCEED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS?......Page 26
MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION AND PRODUCTIVITY ESTIMATES......Page 27
REFERENCES......Page 28
INTRODUCTION......Page 34
MODES OF REPRODUCTION......Page 35
FERTILISATION......Page 36
LARVAL ANATOMY......Page 37
DIEL PATTERNS OF LARVAL RELEASE AND SPAWNING......Page 40
DISPERSAL POTENTIAL AND DURATION OF THE PLANKTONIC PERIOD......Page 44
LARVAL ORIENTATION WITH RESPECT TO PHYSICAL CUES......Page 47
Photokinesis......Page 48
Geotaxis and phototaxis......Page 49
LARVAL MORTALITY......Page 53
SETTLEMENT......Page 54
LARVAL RESPONSES TO CONSPECIFICS......Page 55
SETTLEMENT RESPONSES TO PHYSICAL CUES......Page 58
ROLE OF REPRODUCTIVE AND LARVAL PROCESSES IN RECRUITMENT......Page 59
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 63
INTRODUCTION......Page 68
GENERAL......Page 69
FERTILISATION......Page 70
REPRODUCTIVE GONADS......Page 71
RHIZOCEPHALA......Page 72
ACROTHORACICA......Page 78
LEPADOMORPHA......Page 84
Heteralepadoidea......Page 85
Lepadoidea......Page 86
Scalpelloidea......Page 91
VERRUCOMORPHA......Page 97
Chthamaloidea......Page 98
Coronuloidea......Page 103
Balanoidea......Page 106
FACTORS AFFECTING BREEDING......Page 108
Temperature......Page 118
Feeding......Page 119
Moulting......Page 120
Crowding......Page 121
Salinity......Page 122
RELEASE OF EMBRYOS......Page 123
Chemical composition......Page 124
Number of eggs......Page 125
Egg size and shape......Page 126
CONCLUSIONS......Page 128
REFERENCES......Page 129
BIOLOGY OF MARINE HERBIVOROUS FISHES*......Page 140
INTRODUCTION......Page 141
Territorial defence in tropical species......Page 143
Territorial defence in temperate species......Page 145
Group foraging......Page 152
Comparative feeding behaviour of three herbivorous fishes......Page 153
Tropical families......Page 155
Tropical-temperate families......Page 158
Temperate families......Page 160
Food quality......Page 161
Seaweed defences......Page 163
Diets largely of seaweeds......Page 167
Assimilation of seaweed compounds......Page 168
Growth on a seaweed diet......Page 173
Other enzymes......Page 174
DIGESTIVE MECHANISMS......Page 175
Gut length......Page 176
Gut transit times......Page 179
Highly acidic stomach (Type I)......Page 182
Gizzard-like stomach (Type II)......Page 186
Pharyngeal mill (Type III)......Page 187
Hindgut fermentation chamber (Type IV)......Page 188
Conclusions on the types of alimentary canals......Page 189
HERBIVORE GUTS AS CHEMICAL REACTORS......Page 190
INTESTINAL NUTRIENT TRANSPORT IN HERBIVOROUS FISHES......Page 191
PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF HERBIVOROUS FISHES......Page 192
EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO NITROGEN SHORTAGE......Page 193
ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF HERBIVOROUS FISHES......Page 197
Bioerosion and sediment formation......Page 198
Impacts of roving herbivorous fishes......Page 199
Comparative impacts of roving herbivorous fishes and sea urchins......Page 203
Impacts of territorial damselfishes......Page 204
TEMPERATE HABITATS......Page 208
GENERAL PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY......Page 210
Diversity......Page 211
Abundance......Page 215
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
INTRODUCTION......Page 228
THE OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE BENGUELA ECOSYSTEM AND AGULHAS BANK......Page 229
THE BREEDING SEABIRDS......Page 231
NON-BREEDING SEABIRDS......Page 232
BIOGEOGRAPHY......Page 234
SPECIES RICHNESS......Page 237
FORAGING GUILDS......Page 238
Breeding seabirds......Page 239
Non-breeding seabirds......Page 263
FORAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 264
Habitats......Page 265
Distance of foraging from the shore......Page 266
Temporal differences in foraging......Page 267
POPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 268
BREEDING SEABIRDS......Page 269
POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS OF CAPE GANNETS, JACKASS PENGUINS AND CAPE CORMORANTS......Page 270
ENERGY FLOW......Page 276
NUTRIENT CYCLING......Page 278
THE USE OF SEABIRDS IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA......Page 279
CONCLUSIONS......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 282
INTRODUCTION......Page 290
THE LITERATURE......Page 292
THE DISTINCTIVENESS OF SHALLOW TROPICAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS......Page 294
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH......Page 299
Sedimentation......Page 302
Chemical Pollution......Page 304
Sewage Pollution......Page 305
Thermal Pollution......Page 306
Hydrodynamic influences......Page 307
Physical disturbance......Page 308
Extractive activities......Page 309
Synergism......Page 310
RESEARCH FOR MANAGEMENT......Page 312
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH......Page 314
ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS......Page 319
MANAGEMENT......Page 322
TROPICAL SEAGRASS COMMUNITIES......Page 323
COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS......Page 326
FISHERIES CONSERVATION......Page 327
METHODS OF MANAGEMENT: POLICY AND PRACTICE......Page 328
MARINE CONSERVATION AREAS......Page 330
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 332
AUTHOR INDEX......Page 359
SYSTEMATIC INDEX......Page 392
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 404