Ocean Management in Global Change : Proceedings of the Conference on Ocean Management in Global Change, Genoa, 22-26 June 1992

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
CONTENTS......Page 10
INTRODUCTION......Page 13
THE CONCEPTUAL INHERITANCE......Page 15
PAST TECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCES......Page 16
CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS......Page 18
BASIS OF PRESENT OCEAN MANAGEMENT POLICIES......Page 19
1950/1960......Page 20
1960/1970......Page 21
1970/1980......Page 22
1980/1990......Page 23
CONCLUSIONS......Page 25
REFERENCES......Page 26
THEORY OF OCEAN MANAGEMENT......Page 29
A DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS......Page 30
THE STATE OF THE ART......Page 34
THEORY AND GLOBAL CHANGE......Page 37
THEORY AND PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT......Page 40
CONCLUSION......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 43
OCEAN MANAGEMENT IN PRACTICE......Page 48
INTEGRATED OCEAN MANAGEMENT?......Page 49
THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA MOVING TOWARDS OR BEYOND INTEGRATED OCEAN MANAGEMENT?......Page 50
Comprehensiveness......Page 52
Coherence......Page 53
Cost-effectiveness......Page 54
Ocean Management for the Mediterranean Sea......Page 56
The Netherlands’ North Sea policy (22)......Page 57
International efforts for the North Sea......Page 59
MOVING TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 61
INTRODUCTION......Page 64
CHANGES IN SEA LEVEL......Page 66
Regional Variations......Page 68
Physical Effects of Sea-Level Rise......Page 69
Historical Sea-Level Rise......Page 72
Human Influences......Page 73
THE LOUISIANA EXPERIENCE......Page 74
ESTIMATES OF FUTURE MEAN SEA-LEVEL RISE......Page 77
IMPLICATIONS FOR COASTAL-ZONE PLANNING......Page 79
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 80
REFERENCES......Page 83
INTRODUCTION......Page 86
Changes in climatic factors......Page 87
The Benguella current......Page 89
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)......Page 91
Succession of processes in ENSO......Page 96
The case of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas......Page 97
A case of combined investigations in the North Atlantic......Page 99
CONCLUSION......Page 100
REFERENCES......Page 101
INTRODUCTION......Page 103
EXISTING CONDITION OF CORAL REEFS......Page 105
EFFECTS OF A RISING SEA LEVEL ON CORAL REEFS......Page 106
EFFECTS OF A RISING SEA LEVEL ON REEF ISLANDS......Page 111
CONCLUSIONS......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 113
INTRODUCTION......Page 116
The consciousness of the oceanic change......Page 117
Before they can be used, oceans have to be explored, charted and surveyed......Page 119
Facts on geophysics.......Page 121
Sciences and management: the exploitation of mineral resources......Page 122
The need of a keen knowledge......Page 124
Sea level changes......Page 125
Glaciology: a science for the record of past periods......Page 126
The carbon cycle......Page 127
The numerous problems of coastal and marine pollution......Page 128
Fishing: a privileged field for marine biology......Page 130
Maritime transport economy......Page 131
Science and management......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
THE OCEAN CHALLENGE......Page 135
OCEANOGRAPHY FROM SPACE......Page 138
REMOTELY SENSED DATA IN OCEANOGRAPHY......Page 139
THE NEAR FUTURE OF REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS IN MARINE SCIENCE......Page 141
REMOTE SENSING SUPPORT TO COASTAL AND OCEAN MANAGEMENT......Page 144
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCE......Page 146
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 147
Subject requirements......Page 148
Technical Requirements......Page 149
Administrative requirements......Page 150
3. EXISTING SYSTEMS......Page 151
Primary data gathering programmes and databases......Page 152
Secondary data compilations......Page 153
Data and information dissemination......Page 155
4. DATA PROCESSING: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ANALYSIS......Page 157
Applications to marine management tasks......Page 158
5. MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OCEAN INFORMATION......Page 159
Coordination of data collection......Page 160
Standardisation......Page 161
Data and information ownership issues......Page 162
Information management......Page 163
6. CONCLUSION......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 165
INTRODUCTION......Page 169
I. THE EVOLUTION OF MARINE AFFAIRS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE POLICIES......Page 170
The Closing of an Era: The 1950s......Page 171
The Pressure for Change: The 1960s......Page 172
The Emergence of an Integrated Approach to Ocean Development: The 1970s......Page 173
The Challenge of Implementation: The 1980s and Beyond......Page 176
II. THE FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTEGRATED NATIONAL MARINE POLICY: PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS......Page 177
Traditional Ocean Policy Systems: Structural Problems......Page 178
Traditional Ocean Policy Systems: Procedural Problems......Page 180
III. THE DECADE OF THE 1990s: TOWARD AN INTEGRATED MARINE POLICY......Page 181
Strengthening the institutional framework for integrated marine policy......Page 182
Building new management systems, and the institutional capacity for the implementation of a national marine policy......Page 183
CONCLUSIONS......Page 184
REFERENCES......Page 185
INTRODUCTION......Page 189
COASTAL MANAGEMENT......Page 191
OCEAN MANAGEMENT......Page 195
TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT SCHEME?......Page 197
REFERENCES......Page 200
INTRODUCTION......Page 202
SECTION 1 PLURALISM IN THE U.S.: THE POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL SETTING FOR NATIONAL OCEAN POLICY......Page 204
SECTION 2 PUTTING THE KEY ELEMENTS IN PLACE: NATIONAL OCEAN POLICY MAKING BETWEEN 1966 AND 1988......Page 208
SECTION 3 FRAGMENTED POLICIES CONFRONT AN INTEGRATED OCEAN SYSTEM: PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTATION......Page 213
SECTION 4 DRAWING SOME CONCLUSIONS AND LOOKING AHEAD......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 222
INTRODUCTION......Page 223
INTERNAL WATERS......Page 224
TERRITORIAL SEA......Page 226
STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION......Page 227
ARCHIPELAGIC WATERS......Page 228
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE......Page 230
Management of the Living Resources......Page 231
Artificial Islands, Installations and Structures.......Page 235
Conduct of Marine Scientific Research.......Page 236
Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment.......Page 237
CONTINENTAL SHELF......Page 239
CONCLUSIONS......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 242
DEFINITIONS AND INTRODUCTION......Page 244
BOUNDARIES DEFINING MARITIME SPACES......Page 247
MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS CREATED BY BOUNDARIES......Page 249
BOUNDARIES AS MANAGEMENT TOOLS......Page 254
CONCLUSION......Page 257
REFERENCES......Page 259
THE COMMUNITY FISHERIES POLICY......Page 261
A REVIEW OF DISPUTED MARITIME AREAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA......Page 267
INTRODUCTION......Page 297
DEPICTING MARINE CONFLICTS......Page 298
Conflicts Among Government Agencies......Page 299
Conflicts Vary According to Location......Page 300
The Range of Impacts that Can Occur as a Result of Conflicts May Go Beyond Standard Physical and Economic Variables......Page 302
Costs and Benefits of Conflicts......Page 303
Sources of Conflicts and Tractability of Conflicts......Page 305
ADDRESSING MULTIPLE USE OCEAN CONFLICTS......Page 309
TOWARD A COMPARATIVE RESEARCH STRATEGY......Page 314
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 317
REFERENCES......Page 318
INTRODUCTION TO ORIGINS OF CONFLICTS CONCERNING NORTH SEA ACTIVITIES AND THE INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE......Page 321
CONFLICTING USES AND INTERESTS IN THE NORTH SEA TODAY......Page 325
AVAILABLE MACHINERY FOR SETTLING DISPUTES......Page 326
International Bodies available for North Sea Conflict Resolution......Page 327
Regional Bodies......Page 329
CONCLUSIONS......Page 336
INTRODUCTION......Page 341
THE CHALLENGES FOR THE 1990s......Page 343
The Scientific Agenda......Page 344
What analogies can be drawn for managing the far more numerous activities affecting the oceans in a manner that gives marine environmental protection its due?......Page 346
Defining Objectives and Priorities......Page 349
The Means......Page 353
CONCLUSION......Page 356
REFERENCES......Page 357
INTRODUCTION......Page 358
THE REGIONAL SEAS PROGRAMME......Page 361
The Regional Seas Action Plans......Page 362
The Regional Seas Conventions......Page 364
Institutional and Financial Arrangements......Page 365
Regional Specificities......Page 366
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT......Page 368
REFERENCES......Page 373
INTRODUCTION......Page 375
SPECIAL AREAS......Page 378
PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE SEA AREAS......Page 383
Identification of the Great Barrier Reef region as a particularly sensitive area......Page 384
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE......Page 388
Special areas......Page 389
Particularly sensitive areas......Page 390
REFERENCES......Page 391
OCEAN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT THE FAO PROGRAMME......Page 393
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT......Page 394
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 395
The FAO Mandate......Page 397
Structure of the Department......Page 398
3.1 RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: 1945–58......Page 400
The international context......Page 401
The work of FAO......Page 402
International context......Page 404
The work of FAO......Page 406
International context......Page 409
The work of FAO......Page 410
3.4. TOWARDS GLOBAL CONCERNS: 1983–92......Page 414
International context......Page 415
The work of FAO......Page 416
Buying now the future benefits......Page 421
The information gap......Page 422
High seas management and “creeping jurisdiction”......Page 423
Non-fishery users and public opinion......Page 424
Precautionary approaches and the burden of proof......Page 426
The allocation and the institutional issue......Page 428
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 429
7. REFERENCES......Page 432
INTRODUCTION......Page 440
FACTS, DATA AND METHODOLOGY......Page 441
Maritime progress......Page 442
Industrial re-localization......Page 444
Changing types of innovations......Page 445
Competition among regions......Page 446
Planning and decentralization of production......Page 447
Territorial decentralization......Page 448
Evolution of industrial maritime zones......Page 449
THREE PERIODS OF A SEMI-SECULAR CYCLE?......Page 450
The hypothesis of a new Kondratiev cycle......Page 451
Possible types of innovations......Page 452
New horizons for maritime activities......Page 453
REFERENCES......Page 454
INTRODUCTION......Page 458
Geography......Page 459
Population......Page 460
Penaeus Shrimp and their exploitation......Page 461
Coastline and tourism......Page 465
Other resources and activities......Page 466
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT......Page 467
KEY ISSUES FOR COASTAL MANAGEMENT......Page 468
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK FOR COASTAL MANAGEMENT......Page 469
A PROPOSAL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL RESOURCES......Page 471
STRUCTURE AND STRATEGY OF PMRC......Page 472
PLANNING IN THE ZEMS......Page 473
PLANS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF THE COASTAL RESOURCES OF THE ZEMS......Page 475
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ZEM PLANS......Page 477
REFERENCES......Page 479
COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN CHINA......Page 481
INTRODUCTION......Page 482
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT......Page 484
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 488
REFERENCES......Page 491
SMALL ISLAND STATES AND HUGE MARITIME ZONES: MANAGEMENT TASKS IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC......Page 492
References:......Page 502
INTRODUCTION......Page 505
ORIGINS OF DECLINE......Page 508
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS: THE MIXED-USE APPROACH......Page 510
HOUSING ON THE WATERFRONT......Page 513
ECONOMIC IMPACT......Page 517
RE-INTEGRATION WITH THE CITY......Page 519
NEW FORMS OF REDUNDANT SPACE: TOWARDS RE-USE FOR PORT FUNCTIONS?......Page 523
CITYPORTS AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 524
CONCLUSION......Page 525
REFERENCES......Page 526
INTRODUCTION......Page 529
ESTUARIES IN DYNAMIC CHANGE......Page 531
Human System......Page 532
Environmental Quality......Page 533
Food Production......Page 535
Sea-Level Rise......Page 539
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS......Page 541
REFERENCES......Page 543
INTRODUCTION......Page 547
2.1—Definition of the concept of coastal zone......Page 548
3.1.2 The dissolved organic matter component......Page 549
3.1.3.1 The phytoplankton component......Page 550
3.1.4.1—The zooplankton component......Page 551
3.1.4.2—The zoobenthos component......Page 553
4—MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF THE LAGOONS......Page 554
4.1—Inventory the biological resources of the lagoons......Page 555
4.2—Study of the ecological factors of the marine biodiversity......Page 556
4.3.1—Demogrphic component......Page 557
4.3.2.1—Socio-economic activity......Page 558
4.3.2.6—Public interest......Page 559
4.3.2.10—Impact study......Page 561
6—CONCLUSION......Page 562
REFERENCES......Page 563
INTRODUCTION......Page 565
Variations in Ocean Management Programs......Page 567
Some Case Studies of Regional Arrangements......Page 570
Some Thoughts on Comprehensive Management......Page 571
REFERENCES......Page 572
INTRODUCTION......Page 574
THE ARCTIC OCEAN: ITS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 576
Bathymetry and Morphology......Page 577
Climatology......Page 579
Oceanography......Page 581
Sea Ice......Page 582
THE NATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ARCTIC OCEAN RESOURCES......Page 586
Renewable Resources......Page 587
Non-Renewable Resources......Page 588
TECHNOLOGY AND EXPLOITATION OF ARCTIC OCEAN RESOURCES......Page 590
Transportation......Page 591
Mineral Extraction Technologies......Page 593
THE IMPACT OF ARCTIC OCEAN DEVELOPMENT ON THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 595
Localized Impacts......Page 596
Impacts Resulting from Non-Arctic Activities......Page 597
MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN......Page 599
CONCLUSIONS......Page 602
REFERENCES......Page 603
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 606
INTRODUCTION......Page 608
II. MANAGEMENT OF WHALING IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN AS PART OF GLOBAL MANAGEMENT.......Page 610
III. MANAGEMENT UNDER THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM.......Page 613
a) SEALING.......Page 614
b) FISHERIES.......Page 616
2. PROTECTION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT.......Page 620
3. OTHER FIELDS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE OCEAN.......Page 622
IV. CONCLUSIONS.......Page 623
REFERENCES......Page 625
The Problem Defined......Page 628
What is Integrated National Ocean Policy?......Page 630
When and How Should We Seek to Integrate National Ocean Policy?......Page 631
SEEKING THE MOST SIGNIFICANT ELEMENTS OF CHANGE: COMPARING NATIONAL OCEAN POLICY DECISION SYSTEMS......Page 632
Fisheries......Page 636
Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas......Page 641
Shipping......Page 644
Results of the Comparative Evaluation......Page 645
THE ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE USE CONFLICTS AS A CRITICAL ELEMENT OF CHANGE IN FORGING INTEGRATED NATIONAL OCEAN POLICY......Page 647
CONCLUSION......Page 651
REFERENCES......Page 652
INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS......Page 656