Occupational Therapy for Children

Front Cover
......Page 1
Occupational Therapy for Children......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Ancillary Materials......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
Chapter 1: An Overview of Occupational Therapy for Children......Page 18
Best Practices in Occupational Therapy for Children......Page 19
References......Page 35
Chapter 2: Foundations for Occupational Therapy Practice with Children......Page 39
Occupational Therapy Practice with Children......Page 40
Foundational Theories......Page 45
Models Of Practice Used by Occupational Therapists......Page 50
Clinical Application Examples......Page 63
References......Page 67
Developmental Theories and Concepts......Page 73
An Occupational Therapy Perspective......Page 79
Children's Occupations, Performance Skills, and Contexts......Page 81
References......Page 97
Adolescent Development......Page 101
Areas of Occupation: Performance Skills and Patterns......Page 112
The Environments of Adolescence......Page 117
Occupational Therapy to Facilitate Adolescent Development......Page 118
Summary......Page 120
References......Page 121
Reasons to Study About Families......Page 125
The Family: A Group of Occupational Beings......Page 126
System Perspective of Family Occupations......Page 127
Family Subsystems......Page 128
Family Life Cycle......Page 132
Family Resources and the Child with Special Needs......Page 134
Sources of Diversity in Families......Page 136
An Ecologic Perspective......Page 139
Supporting Participation in Family Life......Page 140
Family Adaptation, Resilience, and Accommodation......Page 143
Partnering with Families......Page 144
Home Programs: Blending Therapy into Routines......Page 147
Working with Families Facing Multiple Challenges......Page 149
References......Page 152
Accessing Services and Resources......Page 158
Whose Distress, Whose Struggle?......Page 159
School......Page 160
Gifts and Dreams......Page 162
Cardiopulmonary Dysfunctions......Page 163
Musculoskeletal Disorders......Page 167
Neuromuscular Disorders......Page 172
Traumatic Brain Injuries......Page 184
Developmental Disabilities......Page 185
Toxic Agents......Page 194
Infectious Conditions......Page 197
Burns......Page 199
General Developmental Concerns......Page 202
References......Page 205
Suggested Readings......Page 208
Chapter 7: Purposes, Processes, and Methods of Evaluation......Page 210
Evaluation Purposes......Page 211
Evaluation Process......Page 217
Evaluation Methods......Page 223
References......Page 227
Appendix 7-A: Common Measures Used in
Pediatric Occupational Therapy......Page 229
Influences On Standardized Testing In Pediatric Occupational Therapy......Page 233
Purposes of Standardized Tests......Page 235
Types of Standardized Tests......Page 238
Technical Aspects......Page 242
Becoming a Competent Test User......Page 251
Ethical Considerations in Testing......Page 254
Advantages and Disadvantagesof Standardized Testing......Page 256
References......Page 259
Chapter 9: Application of Motor Control/Motor Learning to Practice......Page 262
Motor Control: Overview and Definition......Page 263
Dynamical Systems Theory......Page 264
Factors Affecting Motor Performance......Page 267
Relating Dynamical Systems Theory to Balance......Page 269
Vision, Visual Perception, and Motor Control......Page 274
Motor Learning......Page 281
Application of Motor Control/Learning Theory in Occupational Therapy Practice......Page 285
References......Page 287
Components of Hand Skills......Page 292
Contributions of Body Functions to Hand Skills......Page 293
Development of Hand Skills......Page 295
Relationship of Hand Skills to Children's Occupations......Page 306
General Motor Problems that Affect Hand Skills......Page 308
Other Factors that Affect Hand Skills in Children with Disabilities......Page 310
Evaluation of Hand Skills in Children......Page 312
Guidelines for Intervention......Page 314
Research on Intervention for Hand Skill Problems......Page 330
Splinting......Page 332
References......Page 337
Chapter 11: Sensory Integration......Page 342
Neurobiologically Based Concepts......Page 343
Sensory Integrative Development and Childhood Occupations......Page 345
Research Base for Sensory Integrative Problems......Page 350
Sensory Integrative Problems......Page 360
Assessment of Sensory Integrative Functions......Page 368
Interventions for Children with Sensory Integrative Problems......Page 372
References......Page 386
Definitions......Page 390
The Visual System......Page 391
Developmental Sequence......Page 395
Visual-Perceptual Problems......Page 397
Evaluation Methods......Page 404
Intervention......Page 406
Summary......Page 415
References......Page 417
Computer Programs......Page 421
Chapter 13: Psychosocial Issues Affecting Social Participation......Page 422
Attachment: A Dynamic Interaction of Biology and Environment......Page 423
Child Abuse and Neglect: Problems with the Parent-Child Relationship and Environment......Page 425
Environmental Factors and Social Participation......Page 427
Mental Health Factors Affecting Social Participation......Page 428
Selected Mental Disorders Commonly Affecting Children and Adolescents......Page 429
Practice Environments......Page 433
Evaluation and Intervention......Page 441
Summary......Page 445
References......Page 446
Strategies for Managing Difficult Behavior......Page 452
Behavior Management Approaches......Page 455
Support Positive Behavior......Page 457
Summary......Page 461
References......Page 462
Feeding: Definition and Overview......Page 464
The Mealtime: An Overview......Page 465
Developmental Sequence of Mealtime Participation......Page 466
Oral Motor Development Associated with Eating Skills......Page 468
Evaluation......Page 472
Intervention: Global Considerations......Page 475
Intervention Strategies......Page 476
Intervention: Specific Referral Problems and Medical Diagnoses......Page 483
Summary......Page 488
References......Page 489
Importance of Developing Adl Occupations......Page 492
Factors Affecting Performance......Page 493
Evaluation of Adls......Page 497
Intervention Strategies and Approaches......Page 502
Specific Intervention Techniques for Selected Adl Tasks......Page 513
Summary......Page 528
References......Page 530
Suggested Readings......Page 535
Introduction......Page 536
Occupational Development of Iadl and Community Participation......Page 537
Personal and Environmental Influences on Iadls and Community Participation......Page 540
Evaluation of Iadl and Community Participation......Page 542
Intervention Models and Strategies......Page 548
Summary......Page 554
References......Page 555
Play Theories......Page 558
Play Assessment......Page 561
Constraints to Play......Page 565
Play in Intervention......Page 566
References......Page 569
Chapter 19: Prewriting and Handwriting Skills......Page 573
The Writing Process......Page 574
Handwriting Evaluation......Page 576
Measuring Handwriting Performance......Page 578
Handwriting Assessments......Page 580
Educator's Perspective......Page 581
Handwriting Intervention......Page 585
References......Page 595
The Print Tool......Page 599
Zaner-Blöser Handwriting......Page 600
Loops and Other Groups......Page 601
Introduction......Page 603
Setting the Stage for Assistive Technology Service Provision......Page 607
Universal Design and Access......Page 614
Participation: Supporting Life Skills with Assistive Technology......Page 617
Changing the Landscape in Education: Planning for Every Student in the 21st Century......Page 629
Summary......Page 635
References......Page 637
Developmental Theory of Mobility......Page 640
Impaired Mobility......Page 641
Augmentative Mobility......Page 643
Assessment and Intervention......Page 644
Mobility Devices......Page 645
Wheeled Mobility Systems......Page 650
Powered Mobility Evaluation and Intervention......Page 657
Seating and Positioning......Page 660
Factors that Influence the Successful Use of Mobility Devices......Page 663
Summary......Page 664
References......Page 666
Suggested Reading......Page 668
Chapter 22: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit......Page 669
Evolution of Neonatal Intensive Care......Page 670
Changing Focus of Neonatal Occupational Therapy......Page 671
Developing a Medical Foundation......Page 672
NICU Environment......Page 673
Families in the NICU......Page 677
Infants in the NICU......Page 680
References......Page 695
Appendix 22-A: Medical Abbreviations Commonly Usedin the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit......Page 698
NICU Case Study: “King” James......Page 701
What is early intervention?......Page 706
Current Practice in Early Intervention......Page 707
Occupational Therapy Intervention......Page 719
Summary......Page 732
References......Page 734
Suggested Readings......Page 735
Evolve Tables 
......Page 737
Special and General Education Legislation......Page 740
Occupational Therapy Services for Children with Disabilities......Page 743
New Directions in School-Based Practice: Prevention-Based Multitiered Services and School Mental Health......Page 762
Occupational Therapy's Role in School Mental Health......Page 764
References......Page 768
Chapter 25: Service for Children with Visual or Hearing Impairments......Page 771
Visual Impairment......Page 772
Hearing Impairment......Page 792
Multisensory Impairment......Page 804
Summary......Page 807
References......Page 808
Diagnostic Information......Page 812
Specialized Assessment Tools......Page 815
References......Page 816
Hearing Loss......Page 818
Specialized Assessment Tools......Page 821
References......Page 822
Hospitalization......Page 823
Consultation Services......Page 836
Specialty Units......Page 839
Rehabiltation Services: Levels of Rehabilitation Service......Page 842
Summary......Page 846
References......Page 847
Suggested Readings......Page 849
Chapter 27: Transition Services: From School
to Adult Life......Page 850
The Intersection of Policy and Scientific Evidence......Page 851
References......Page 868
Index......Page 871
Uploaded by [StormRG]......Page 895