Occupational safety and health for technologists, engineers, and managers

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
Introduction......Page 10
Brief Contents......Page 12
Contents......Page 14
Part 1: Historical Perspective and Overview......Page 24
  Developments Before the Industrial Revolution......Page 26
  Milestones in the Safety Movement......Page 27
   Hawk\'s Nest Tragedy......Page 29
   Factory Fire in Bangladesh......Page 31
  Role of Specific Health Problems......Page 32
  Development of Accident Prevention Programs......Page 34
  Development of Safety Organizations......Page 35
  Integrated Approach to Safety and Health......Page 37
   The Foster Wheeler Study......Page 38
  Summary......Page 39
  Endnotes......Page 40
 Chapter 2: Accidents and Their Effects......Page 42
  Accidental Deaths in the United States......Page 43
  Accidents versus Other Causes of Death......Page 44
  Deaths in Work Accidents......Page 45
  Death Rates by Industry......Page 46
  Parts of the Body Injured on the Job......Page 47
  Heat Burn Injuries......Page 48
  Repetitive Strain/Soft Tissue Injuries......Page 49
   Other Cost-Estimation Methods......Page 50
   Estimating Hidden Costs......Page 51
  Global Impact of Accidents and Injuries......Page 52
  Summary......Page 53
  Endnotes......Page 54
  Domino Theory of Accident Causation......Page 56
   Heinrich\'s Domino Theory......Page 57
   Domino Theory in Practice......Page 58
   Human Factors Theory in Practice......Page 59
  Accident/Incident Theory of Accident Causation......Page 61
   Accident/Incident Theory in Practice......Page 62
   Epidemiological Theory in Practice......Page 63
  Systems Theory of Accident Causation......Page 64
   Systems Theory in Practice......Page 66
   Combination Theory in Practice......Page 67
   Behavioral Theory in Action......Page 68
   Warning Signs......Page 69
   Role of the Supervisor in Workplace Safety and Health......Page 70
  Obesity and Accident Causation......Page 71
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 72
  Endnotes......Page 73
  Modern Safety and Health Teams......Page 75
   Role in the Company Hierarchy......Page 76
   Problems Safety and Health Managers Face......Page 78
   Education and Training for Safety and Health Managers......Page 80
   Helpful Agencies and Organizations......Page 81
  Engineers and Safety......Page 83
   Design Process......Page 86
   Chemical Engineers and Safety......Page 87
  Occupational Physician......Page 88
  Occupational Health Nurse......Page 89
  Risk Manager......Page 90
   Certified Safety Professional......Page 91
   Certified Industrial Hygienist......Page 92
   Certified Professional Ergonomist......Page 93
   Certified Occupational Health Nurse......Page 94
  Summary......Page 95
  Review Questions......Page 96
  Endnotes......Page 97
  Competitiveness Defined......Page 98
   Productivity: A Global View......Page 100
  Quality and Competitiveness......Page 101
  How Safety and Health Can Improve Competitiveness......Page 102
   Response Time......Page 103
  Summary......Page 104
  Endnotes......Page 105
Part 2: Laws and Regulations......Page 106
 Chapter 6: The OSH Act, Standards, and Liability......Page 108
  OSHA\'s Mission and Purpose......Page 109
   Coverage of Federal, State, and Local Government Personnel......Page 110
   How OSHA Standards Are Developed......Page 111
   How Standards are Adopted, Amended, or Revoked......Page 112
   How to Appeal a Standard......Page 113
   Confined Space Standard......Page 114
   Hazardous Waste Standard......Page 115
   Reporting Requirements......Page 116
   Record-Keeping Requirements......Page 117
   Reporting and Record-Keeping Summary......Page 121
   Record-Keeping and Reporting Exceptions......Page 122
  Workplace Inspections and Enforcement......Page 123
  OSHA\'S Whistleblower Program......Page 124
   Programmed Inspections......Page 125
  Citations and Penalties......Page 126
   Employee Appeals......Page 127
  State-Level OSHA Programs......Page 128
  Services Available from OSHA......Page 129
   Consultation Services......Page 130
   Voluntary Protection Programs......Page 131
   Employer Rights......Page 132
   Employer Responsibilities......Page 133
   Employee Rights......Page 134
  Problems with OSHA......Page 135
   NIOSH......Page 136
   OSHRC......Page 139
   Subpart E: Exit Routes and Emergency Planning......Page 140
   Subpart H: Hazardous Materials......Page 141
   Subpart J: General Environment Controls......Page 142
   Subpart M: Compressed Gas/Air......Page 143
   Subpart Q: Welding, Cutting, and Brazing......Page 144
   Subpart T: Commercial Diving Operations......Page 145
   Subpart Z: Toxic and Hazardous Substances......Page 146
   Part 1917: Marine Terminals......Page 147
  OSHA\'s Construction Standards......Page 148
  Standards and Codes......Page 149
  Laws and Liability......Page 151
  Summary......Page 153
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 155
  Endnotes......Page 156
  Overview of Workers\' Compensation......Page 158
   Who is Covered by Workers’ Compensation and Who is not......Page 159
  Historical Perspective......Page 160
  Modern Workers\' Compensation......Page 162
  Workers\' Compensation Insurance......Page 164
  Resolution of Workers\' Compensation Disputes......Page 165
   Who is an Employee?......Page 166
   Temporary Disability......Page 167
   Permanent Partial Disability......Page 168
   Permanent Total Disability......Page 170
  Monetary Benefits of Workers\' Compensation......Page 171
  Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation......Page 172
  Medical Management of Workplace Injuries......Page 173
  Cost Allocation......Page 174
  Problems with Workers\' Compensation......Page 175
  Future of Workers\' Compensation......Page 176
   General Strategies......Page 177
   Specific Strategies......Page 179
  Summary......Page 180
  Review Questions......Page 181
  Endnotes......Page 182
  Types of Accident Investigations......Page 184
  What to Investigate......Page 186
   Common Causes of Accidents......Page 187
  Who Should Investigate......Page 188
   Photograph or Videotape the Scene......Page 189
   Following Up an Accident Investigation......Page 190
   How to Interview......Page 191
  Reporting Accidents......Page 193
   Why Some Accidents Are Not Reported......Page 195
  Ten Accident Investigation Mistakes to Avoid......Page 197
  Summary......Page 198
  Review Questions......Page 199
  Endnotes......Page 200
   Lawsuit Process......Page 201
   History of Product Liability Law......Page 202
   Statutory Product Liability Laws......Page 203
   Community Right-to-Know Act......Page 204
   Product Safety Coordinator......Page 205
  Evaluating the Product Safety Program......Page 206
  Role of the Safety and Health Professional......Page 207
  Quality Management and Product Safety......Page 208
  Product Safety Program Record Keeping......Page 210
  Product Literature and Safety......Page 211
  Product Recalls and Safety Professionals......Page 212
  Summary......Page 213
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 214
  Endnotes......Page 215
Part 3: The Human Element......Page 216
 Chapter 10: Ergonomic Hazards: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) and Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)......Page 218
  Human Factors and Ergonomic Hazards......Page 219
  Factors Associated with Physical Stress......Page 220
   Nonrepetitive versus Repetitive Motion......Page 221
  Ergonomics: A Political Football......Page 222
   Enforcement by OSHA......Page 223
   Proposed Requirements of the Voluntary Guidelines......Page 224
  Worksite Analysis Program for Ergonomics......Page 226
   Information Sources......Page 227
   Design of Work Methods......Page 229
   Trained and Available Health Care Providers......Page 230
   Health Surveillance......Page 231
   Monitor Trends......Page 232
   Incidence of CTDs......Page 233
  Identifying Specific Ergonomic Problems......Page 234
   Understanding the Ergonomics of Aging......Page 235
   Seated Work with Larger Parts......Page 236
   Standing Work......Page 237
   Work with Hands above Chest Height......Page 238
   Work with VDTs......Page 239
   Inhibitors of Cost-Benefit Studies......Page 241
   Classifications of CTDs......Page 242
   Preventing CTDs......Page 244
  Participatory Ergonomics......Page 245
  Summary......Page 246
  Endnotes......Page 247
  Workplace Stress Defined......Page 249
  Sources of Workplace Stress......Page 250
  Human Reactions to Workplace Stress......Page 252
  Shift Work, Stress, and Safety......Page 253
  Improving Safety by Reducing Workplace Stress......Page 254
  Stress in Safety Managers......Page 256
  Summary......Page 257
  Review Questions......Page 258
  Endnotes......Page 259
  Rationale for Safety and Health Training......Page 260
   Who is Responsible for Training?......Page 261
   OSHA Training Requirements......Page 263
   MSHA Training Requirements......Page 265
   Principles of Learning......Page 266
   Four-Step Teaching Method......Page 267
  Preparing Safety and Health Instruction......Page 268
  Presenting Safety and Health Instruction......Page 269
   Lecture-Discussion Method......Page 270
   Demonstration Method......Page 272
   Other Presentation Methods......Page 273
  Applying Safety and Health Instruction......Page 274
  Evaluating Safety and Health Instruction......Page 275
   Orientation......Page 276
   Follow-Up......Page 278
   Break Down the Job into Steps......Page 279
   Identify Potential Hazards......Page 280
   OSHA, NIOSH, MSHA, and NSC......Page 281
  Illiteracy and Safety......Page 282
   OSHA and the Illiteracy Problem......Page 283
   Role of Safety and Health Professionals in Literacy Training......Page 284
  OSHA Standards and Training......Page 285
  Summary......Page 286
  Review Questions......Page 287
  Endnotes......Page 288
  Workplace Violence: Definitions......Page 289
   Rights of Violent Employees......Page 290
   Making Work-Related Determinations......Page 291
  Risk-Reduction Strategies......Page 292
  OSHA\'s Voluntary Guidelines on Workplace Violence......Page 293
   Management Commitment and Employee Involvement......Page 294
   Workplace Analysis......Page 295
   Hazard Prevention and Control......Page 297
   Training and Education......Page 298
   Record Keeping and Evaluation......Page 299
  Emergency Preparedness Plan......Page 301
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 302
  Endnotes......Page 303
Part 4: Hazard Assessment, Prevention, and Control......Page 304
  Common Mechanical Injuries......Page 306
   Crushing......Page 307
  OSHA\'s Requirements for Machine Guarding......Page 309
  Risk Assessment in Machine Operation......Page 310
  Design Requirements for Safeguards......Page 311
  Point-of-Operation Guards......Page 312
  Point-of-Operation Devices......Page 314
  Machine Guarding Self-Assessment......Page 315
  Robot Safeguards......Page 316
   Lockout/Tagout Language......Page 317
   Provisions of the Standard......Page 318
  Permanent Electrical Safety Devices in Lockout/Tagout Programs......Page 320
  Basic Program Content......Page 322
  Summary......Page 323
  Review Questions......Page 324
  Endnotes......Page 325
  Causes of Falls......Page 326
   Measuring Surface Traction......Page 327
   General Strategies for Preventing Slips......Page 328
   Specific Strategies for Preventing Slips......Page 329
   Practical Prevention Measures......Page 330
   OSHA\'s Fall Protection Standard for Construction......Page 331
   OSHA\'s Recommendations for Effective Fall Protection......Page 333
  Ladder Safety......Page 334
  Impact and Acceleration Hazards......Page 336
   Head Protection......Page 337
   Eye and Face Protection......Page 338
   Foot Protection......Page 342
   Back Safety/Lifting Program......Page 343
   Proper Lifting Techniques......Page 344
   Shoe Inserts......Page 346
  Hand Protection......Page 347
  Personal Protective Equipment......Page 350
  Forklift Safety (Powered Industrial Trucks)......Page 352
  Summary......Page 354
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 355
  Endnotes......Page 356
  Thermal Comfort......Page 358
   Heat Stress Defined......Page 359
   Clothing......Page 360
  Cold Stress......Page 362
  Burns and Their Effects......Page 365
   Severity of Burns......Page 366
   Moderate Burns......Page 367
   Effects of Chemical Burns......Page 368
  Summary......Page 369
  Endnotes......Page 370
  Pressure Hazards Defined......Page 372
  Sources of Pressure Hazards......Page 373
  High-Temperature Water Hazards......Page 374
  Cracking Hazards in Pressure Vessels......Page 375
   Pulp Digester Vessels......Page 376
  Pressure Dangers to Humans......Page 377
  Measurement of Pressure Hazards......Page 379
  Reduction of Pressure Hazards......Page 380
  Summary......Page 382
  Endnotes......Page 383
  Electrical Hazards Defined......Page 385
   Electrostatic Hazards......Page 388
   Improper Wiring......Page 389
   Equipment Failure......Page 390
  Detection of Electrical Hazards......Page 391
  Reduction of Electrical Hazards......Page 393
  OSHA\'s Electrical Standards......Page 395
  Electrical Safety Program......Page 396
  Electrical Hazards Self-Assessment......Page 397
  Prevention of Arc Flash Injuries......Page 398
  Training Requirements for Workers......Page 399
  Summary......Page 400
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 402
  Endnotes......Page 403
  Fire Hazards Defined......Page 404
  Sources of Fire Hazards......Page 407
  Detection of Fire Hazards......Page 410
  Reduction of Fire Hazards......Page 411
   OSHA Regulations for Fire Brigades......Page 412
   Disaster Preparations......Page 415
  OSHA Fire Standards......Page 416
  Basic Requirements......Page 417
  Flame-Resistant Clothing......Page 419
   Assessment......Page 420
   Explosives-Related Concepts......Page 421
   Common Uses of Flammable and Combustible Substances......Page 422
  OSHA\'s Firefighting Options......Page 423
  Self-Assessment in Fire Protection......Page 424
   Fire Watch Requirements......Page 425
  Summary......Page 426
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 427
  Endnotes......Page 428
  Overview of Industrial Hygiene......Page 430
  Industrial Hygiene Standards......Page 431
   OSHA Process Safety Standard and Management Guidelines......Page 432
   OSHA Regulation for Chemical Spills......Page 433
  Hazards in the Workplace......Page 435
   Environmental Stressors......Page 436
   Inhalation......Page 437
   Ingestion......Page 438
  Relationship of Doses and Responses......Page 439
  Airborne Contaminants......Page 440
  Effects of Airborne Toxics......Page 441
  Asbestos Hazards......Page 442
   Asbestos Removal and Containment......Page 443
  Indoor Air Quality and \"Sick-Building\" Syndrome......Page 445
  Toxic Mold and Indoor Air Quality......Page 447
   ACGIH\'s Classifications of TLVs and BEIs......Page 449
  Hazard Recognition and Evaluation......Page 450
   Engineering Controls......Page 451
   Administrative Controls......Page 452
  NIOSH and Industrial Hygiene......Page 453
  NIOSH Guidelines for Respirators......Page 454
   OSHA Chemical Process Standard......Page 456
   Hazardous Materials Transportation Act......Page 457
  General Safety Precautions......Page 458
  Nanoscale Materials and Industrial Hygiene......Page 459
  Confined Space Hazards......Page 460
   Permit Space Defined......Page 461
   Entry Permits......Page 462
   Assigned Duties: Attendant......Page 463
   Safety Data Sheets......Page 464
   Employee Right-to-Know......Page 465
   Global Harmonization of OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard......Page 466
  Summary......Page 467
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 468
  Review Questions......Page 469
  Endnotes......Page 470
  Ionizing Radiation: Terms and Concepts......Page 472
  Precautions and Personal Monitoring......Page 474
  Evacuation Warning Signal......Page 475
  Notification of Incidents......Page 476
  Reports and Records of Overexposure......Page 477
  Notice to Employees......Page 478
  Nonionizing Radiation......Page 480
   EMFs and Health Problems......Page 482
   Cancellation Approach......Page 483
   Shielding Approach......Page 484
  Summary......Page 485
  Review Questions......Page 486
  Endnotes......Page 487
  Hearing Loss Prevention Terms......Page 488
  Characteristics of Sound......Page 490
  Hazard Levels and Risks......Page 491
   ANSI Standard......Page 492
   Hearing Hazards Monitoring......Page 493
   Engineering and Administrative Controls......Page 494
   Audiometric Evaluation......Page 495
   Record Keeping......Page 496
  Identifying and Assessing Hazardous Noise Conditions......Page 497
   Record Keeping......Page 498
  Noise Control Strategies......Page 499
   Engineering Controls......Page 500
   Hearing Protection Devices......Page 501
   Injury-Prevention Strategies......Page 503
  Corporate Policy......Page 504
  Evaluating Hearing Loss Prevention Programs......Page 505
   Noise Measurement......Page 506
   Monitoring Audiometry and Record Keeping......Page 507
   Hearing Protection Devices......Page 508
   Old and New Rating Methods Compared......Page 509
  Summary......Page 510
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 511
  Endnotes......Page 512
  Impact of Automation on the Workplace......Page 513
  VDTs in Offices and Factories......Page 514
  Safety and Health Problems Associated with Robots......Page 516
   Minimizing the Safety and Health Problems of Robots......Page 517
  Industrial Medicine and Robots......Page 518
  Minimizing the Problems of Automation......Page 519
  Challenge for the Future......Page 521
  Summary......Page 522
  Review Questions......Page 523
  Endnotes......Page 524
  Symptoms of AIDS......Page 525
  AIDS in the Workplace......Page 526
   Education......Page 527
  Legal Concerns......Page 528
   Testing Issue......Page 529
   Facts about Testing for AIDS and Other Diseases......Page 530
  Counseling Infected Employees......Page 531
  Protecting Employees from AIDS......Page 533
   Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)......Page 534
   Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)......Page 536
   Scope of Application......Page 537
   Exposure Control Plan......Page 538
   Responding to Needlestick Incidents......Page 541
  Summary......Page 542
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 543
  Endnotes......Page 544
Part 5: Management of Safety and Health......Page 546
  Rationale for Emergency Preparation......Page 548
  Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act......Page 549
  Organization and Coordination......Page 550
   First-Aid Training Program......Page 551
   Beyond Training......Page 552
  How to Plan for Emergencies......Page 554
   Implementing Shelter-in-Place (SIP) Plans......Page 556
   Balancing Employer Responsibilities and Employee Right to Self-Determination......Page 558
   Developing Emergency Notification Strategies......Page 559
   Marking of Exit Routes......Page 560
  Customizing Plans to Meet Local Needs......Page 561
  Computers and Emergency Response......Page 562
  Dealing with the Psychological Trauma of Emergencies......Page 563
   Recovery Coordinator......Page 564
   Employee Support and Assistance......Page 565
   Role of the Employer......Page 566
  Resuming Business after a Disaster......Page 568
  Summary......Page 569
  Key Terms and Concepts......Page 570
  Endnotes......Page 571
  An Ethical Dilemma......Page 572
  Ethics Defined......Page 573
   Guidelines for Determining Ethical Behavior......Page 574
   Best-Ratio Approach......Page 575
   Full-Potential Approach......Page 576
   Creating an Ethical Environment......Page 577
  Handling of Ethical Dilemmas......Page 578
  Questions to Ask When Making Decisions......Page 579
   Problems with Whistle-Blowing......Page 580
   OSHA and Whistle-Blowing......Page 581
  Summary......Page 582
  Endnotes......Page 583
  Overview of Hazard Analysis......Page 585
   Cost–Benefit Factors in Hazard Analysis......Page 586
   Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis......Page 588
   Human Error Analysis......Page 590
   Fault Tree Analysis......Page 592
   Risk Analysis......Page 594
  Hazard Prevention and Deterrence......Page 595
  OSHA Process Safety Standard......Page 596
   OSHA’s Regulation for Chemical Spills......Page 597
  Risk Assessment......Page 599
  Safety Management Concerns......Page 600
   Self-Assessments......Page 601
   Ongoing Monitoring......Page 602
  Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems......Page 603
  Summary......Page 604
  Review Questions......Page 605
  Endnotes......Page 606
  Company Safety Policy......Page 607
  Safety Rules and Regulations......Page 608
  Safety Training......Page 609
  Suggestion Programs......Page 610
  Visual Awareness......Page 611
   Safety Committee Meetings......Page 612
  Employee-Management Participation......Page 614
  Competition......Page 615
   Characteristics of Effective Teams......Page 616
   Responsibilities of Team Members......Page 618
  Persuasion as a Promotional Tool......Page 619
  Promoting Off-the-Job Safety......Page 620
  Summary......Page 621
  Review Questions......Page 622
  Endnotes......Page 623
  Safety, Health, and the Environment......Page 624
   Clean Air Act......Page 625
   Economics of Environmental Regulation......Page 626
  Types of Environments......Page 627
  Hazards of the Environment......Page 628
   Indoor Environmental Quality......Page 629
   OSHA Hazardous Waste Standard......Page 633
   Organizing a Waste Reduction Program......Page 634
   Waste Reduction Audit......Page 635
  Environmental Management System (EMS)......Page 636
   Rationale for the EMS Movement......Page 637
  International Organization for Standardization (ISO)......Page 640
  ISO 14001 Standard......Page 641
   Requirements of the ISO 14001 Standard......Page 643
  Summary......Page 649
  Review Questions......Page 650
  Endnotes......Page 651
  What is QM?......Page 652
  How Does QM Relate to Safety?......Page 653
  Safety Management in a QM Setting......Page 654
   TSM Defined......Page 655
   TSM Steering Committee......Page 656
   Strategic Basis......Page 657
   Employee Empowerment and Enlistment......Page 659
   Unity of Purpose......Page 660
  Implementing TSM: The Model......Page 661
  Review Questions......Page 663
  Endnotes......Page 664
  Safety-First Corporate Culture Defined......Page 665
  Globalization of Competition and Safety......Page 666
   Safety as a Cultural Imperative......Page 667
  How Corporate Cultures are Created......Page 668
  Ten Steps for Establishing a Safety-First Corporate Culture......Page 669
   Expect Appropriate Safety-Related Behaviors and Attitudes......Page 670
   Orient Personnel to the Desired Safety-Related Behaviors and Attitudes......Page 672
   Monitor and Evaluate Safety-Related Behaviors and Attitudes at All Levels......Page 673
  Summary......Page 674
  Review Questions......Page 675
Glossary......Page 676
Index......Page 690