Obesogenic Environments

Obesogenic Environments......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 13
About the Editors......Page 17
Dedication......Page 19
Acknowledgements......Page 21
1.1 Introduction: the emergence of obesity......Page 23
1.3 The basis for the current underestimated burden of obesity......Page 24
1.5 The environmental basis for the obesity epidemic......Page 26
2.1 The focus on interdisciplinary research......Page 33
2.2 Defining modes of interdisciplinarity......Page 34
2.3 The complexity of obesity......Page 35
2.4.1 Lessons from the field of sustainability......Page 37
2.4.3 Academic positioning......Page 38
2.5 Interdisciplinary policy and practice......Page 39
2.6 Discussion......Page 40
3.2 What is walkability?......Page 43
3.4.1 Walkability and obesity......Page 45
3.5.1 Density......Page 46
3.6 Urban sprawl, geographic location and obesity......Page 48
3.7 Other design features and obesity......Page 49
3.9 Summary of findings and future directions in research on the impact of neighbourhood design and/or walkability and obesity?......Page 50
3.9.1 Study design......Page 51
3.9.2 Neighbourhood definition......Page 53
3.9.3 Measurement......Page 54
3.10 Summary......Page 56
4.2 The concept of availability and accessibility......Page 63
4.3.1 Perceived measures of the environment......Page 67
4.3.2 Objective measures of the environment......Page 69
4.4 Comparing perceived and objective measures......Page 71
4.5 Relationships with utilisation......Page 72
4.6 Equity of access and facility provision......Page 73
4.7 Conclusions......Page 77
5.1 Children’s obesogenic environments......Page 85
5.2 Advantages of mapping obesogenic environments in children......Page 87
5.3 How to map obesogenic environments – data representation......Page 88
5.4 Problems with spatial data......Page 91
5.5 Spatial analysis techniques......Page 93
5.6 Conclusion......Page 97
5.7 Acknowledgements......Page 98
6.1 UK policy and research context......Page 103
6.2.2 SPEEDY: Sport, Physical activity and Eating behaviour: Environmental Determinants in Young people......Page 104
6.2.3 PEACH: Personal and Environmental Associations with Children’s Health......Page 105
6.3.1 Motion sensors......Page 106
6.3.2 Use of GPS to investigate children’s spatial mobility......Page 109
6.3.3 Combining GPS and accelerometry......Page 111
6.4 Conclusion......Page 113
7.1.1 Background......Page 119
7.2 Case examples......Page 120
7.3.1 Active transport to school......Page 122
7.3.2 Within-school environments......Page 124
7.3.4 Child care settings......Page 126
7.4.1 Young children......Page 127
7.4.2 School-age children and adolescents......Page 128
7.5 Conclusions and future research......Page 131
8.1 The potential for active travel......Page 139
8.2 Trends in active travel......Page 140
8.3 Barriers to active travel......Page 141
8.4 Overcoming the barriers to active travel......Page 145
8.5 Policies and measures to increase the volume of active travel......Page 148
8.6 The effectiveness of policies and measures to increase the volume of active travel......Page 149
8.7 Conclusions......Page 150
9.2 Greenspace, health and obesity......Page 155
9.3 Greenspace, obesity and food......Page 157
9.4.1 Greenspace as a setting for exercise......Page 159
9.4.2 Greenspace as a motivation for exercise......Page 161
9.5 Greenspace and children’s health......Page 162
9.6 Greenspace provision and policy......Page 163
9.6.2 The institutional context......Page 164
9.6.3 The policy context......Page 165
9.7 Conclusions......Page 167
10.2 Which eating behaviours influence obesity risk?......Page 171
10.4.1 Observational studies......Page 172
10.4.2 Experimental studies......Page 173
10.5.1 Observational studies......Page 175
10.5.2 Experimental studies......Page 176
10.8 Defining the neighbourhood environment......Page 177
10.8.1 Should we assess subjective or objective food environments?......Page 178
10.8.3 Are existing conceptual models adequate and appropriate?......Page 179
10.9 Conclusions and future research directions......Page 180
11.1 Introduction......Page 187
11.3 Individual versus the environment......Page 190
11.4 Food policy......Page 191
11.4.1 The overarching food policy landscape......Page 192
11.4.2 Public health......Page 193
11.4.3 Agriculture......Page 194
11.4.4 Planning policy......Page 195
11.5 Food provision and food access......Page 197
11.6 Future for food policy......Page 199
12.1 Introduction......Page 205
12.1.1 Data and methods......Page 208
12.2 Results......Page 209
12.3 Discussion......Page 215
12.4 Conclusion......Page 216
12.5 Acknowledgement......Page 217
13.2 Environmental correlates of physical activity and diet: underlying reasons for promising findings......Page 221
13.3 Environmental correlates of physical activity......Page 222
13.5 Moving beyond the promise: a research agenda......Page 224
13.5.1 Providing robust answers to the right questions......Page 225
13.5.2 Development and application of a true socio-ecological theory......Page 226
13.5.3 Integrating different elements of the environment......Page 227
13.5.4 Improving the measurement of (physical) environmental characteristics......Page 228
13.5.6 Improving statistical methods: beyond multilevel modelling......Page 230
13.5.7 Improving causality......Page 231
13.5.8 Taking the broader context into account......Page 232
13.6 Concluding remark......Page 233
14.2 Complexities......Page 237
14.3 Perceptions......Page 239
14.4 Objective measures......Page 240
14.5 Future directions......Page 241
Index......Page 243