Obesity in the Dog and Cat

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1. Epidemiology of small animal obesity
	1.1 Definition
	1.2 Prevalence and time trends
	1.3 Risk factors
		1.3.1 Animal-specific factors
			1.3.1.1 Genetics and breed
			1.3.1.2 Age
			1.3.1.3 Gender and neutering
		1.3.2 Human-specific factors
			1.3.2.1 Diet type and feeding method
			1.3.2.2 Physical activity
			1.3.2.3 Owner attitudes and household characteristics
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
2. Pathophysiology of obesity: Metabolic effects and inflammation mediators
	2.1 Balancing energy expenditure and intake
		2.1.1 Evolutionary theories of obesity
		2.1.2 Regulation of appetite and food intake
			2.1.2.1 Central regulation of appetite
			2.1.2.2 Peripheral regulation of appetite
			2.1.2.3 Hedonic (pleasure) control of appetite
		2.1.3 Mechanisms of energy expenditure and metabolic control
	2.2 Inflammatory effects of obesity
		2.2.1 Endocrine functions of adipose tissue
		2.2.2 Obesity and inflammation
			2.2.2.1 Local inflammation
			2.2.2.2 Systemic inflammation
	2.3 Role of the microbiome in obesity
		2.3.1 Gut microbiota and obesity
		2.3.2 Utility of the gut microbiota in obesity management
			2.3.2.1 Dietary strategies
			2.3.2.2 Nondietary strategies
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
3. Pathophysiology of obesity: Comorbidities and anesthetic considerations
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Obesity and life span
	3.3 Obesity paradox
	3.4 Endocrine disease
		3.4.1 Diabetes mellitus
		3.4.2 Canine diabetes mellitus
		3.4.3 Feline diabetes mellitus
		3.4.4 Hyperadrenocorticism
		3.4.5 Hypothyroidism
		3.4.6 Hyperlipidemia
	3.5 Cardiovascular and respiratory disease
		3.5.1 Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular disease
		3.5.2 Hypertension
		3.5.3 Collapsing trachea
	3.6 Renal and urinary disease
		3.6.1 Renal disease
		3.6.2 Urinary disease
	3.7 Orthopedic and neurologic disease
		3.7.1 Orthopedic disease
		3.7.2 Neurologic disease
	3.8 Neoplasia
	3.9 Anesthetic considerations
		3.9.1 Obesity-induced alterations in physiology
			3.9.1.1 Respiratory pathophysiology
			3.9.1.2 Cardiovascular pathophysiology
			3.9.1.3 Other organ dysfunction
		3.9.2 Pharmacological differences in obesity
			3.9.2.1 Drug absorption
			3.9.2.2 Drug distribution
			3.9.2.3 Drug metabolism and elimination
	3.10 Conclusion
	References
4. Evaluation of body composition to diagnose obesity
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Carcass analysis of body composition
	4.3 Imaging modalities to assess body composition
		4.3.1 Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
		4.3.2 Computer tomography (CT)
		4.3.3 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
	4.4 Nonimaging-based modalities to assess body composition
		4.4.1 Deuterium oxide dilution technique
		4.4.2 Bioimpedance
	4.5 Estimating body composition in a clinical setting
		4.5.1 Body weight
		4.5.2 Morphometric measurements
			4.5.2.1 Body mass index (BMI)
			4.5.2.2 Novel morphometric equations
		4.5.3 Morphologic estimates
			4.5.3.1 Body condition scoring
			4.5.3.2 Canine and feline body fat index (BFI)
	4.6 Clinical recommendations for general practice
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5. Nutritional management of obesity
	5.1 Patient evaluation
		5.1.1 Diagnosis of obesity
		5.1.2 Estimating target or ideal body weight
	5.2 Energy requirements for weight management
		5.2.1 Determining current caloric intake
		5.2.2 Determining caloric intake for weight loss
	5.3 Implementation of a treatment program
		5.3.1 Diet selection
			5.3.1.1 Macronutrients
			5.3.1.2 Diet form and energy density
		5.3.2 Portioning food for weight loss
		5.3.3 Setting treat guidelines
	5.4 Reevaluating the weight loss program
		5.4.1 Routine follow-up
		5.4.2 Long-term success
	5.5 Conclusions
	References
6. Behavioral management of obesity
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The impact of owner perception on behavior and obesity
		6.2.1 Perception of obesity
		6.2.2 Understanding owner perceptions
	6.3 Integrating psychology and behavioral management into obesity treatment
		6.3.1 The discussion of pet obesity
			6.3.1.1 Information-based example
			6.3.1.2 Comparative example
			6.3.1.3 Emotional example
		6.3.2 Incorporating perception in the initial weight discussion
	6.4 Creating effective weight management plans by addressing emotional behaviors
	6.5 Considering the role of family dynamics in behavioral management of obesity
	6.6 Pairing pet and owner behavior for mutual success
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7. Role of exercise in the management of obesity
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Exercise and risk of obesity
	7.3 Exercise in the management of human obesity
	7.4 Comorbidities, exercise, and obesity in dogs and in cats
	7.5 Use of exercise in canine and feline obesity protocols
	7.6 Practical recommendations
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8. Establishing a weight management program in clinical practice
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Initial consultation
		8.2.1 Diet, activity, and household history
		8.2.2 Resources used during initial consultation
		8.2.3 Quick tips
	8.3 Follow-up and recheck appointments
		8.3.1 Quick tips
	8.4 Maintenance appointments
		8.4.1 Quick tips
	8.5 Getting the word out
		8.5.1 Quick tips
	8.6 The financial implications
		8.6.1 Quick tips
	8.7 Conclusion
	Appendix 8.1: Diet, activity, and household history form
	Appendix 8.2: Client photograph release consent form
	Appendix 8.3: Treat allowance sheets
	Appendix 8.4: Weekly food diary
	References
9. Case Examples
	9.1 Case 1: Successful weight loss and weight maintenance in a dachshund following intervertebral disk herniation surgery: The importance of risk factor assessment
		9.1.1 Patient history
		9.1.2 Patient assessment
		9.1.3 Plan
		9.1.4 Short- and long-term follow-up
		9.1.5 Discussion
	References
	9.2 Case 2: Morbid obesity in an adult female, spayed springer spaniel
		9.2.1 Patient history
		9.2.2 Patient assessment
		9.2.3 Plan
		9.2.4 Follow-up
		9.2.5 Discussion
	Reference
	9.3  Case 3: Anesthetic concerns in the obese small animal patient
		9.3.1 Patient history
		9.3.2 Patient assessment
		9.3.3 Plan
		9.3.4 Short- and long-term follow-up
		9.3.5 Discussion
	References
	9.4 Case 4: Estimating degree of obesity for weight loss planning in an obese domestic shorthair cat
		9.4.1 Patient history
		9.4.2 Patient assessment
		9.4.3 Plan
		9.4.4 Short-term follow-up
		9.4.5 Discussion
	References
	9.5 Case 5: Remission of diabetes mellitus following weight loss in a domestic shorthair cat
		9.5.1 Patient history
		9.5.2 Patient assessment
		9.5.3 Plan
		9.5.4 Short- and long-term follow-up
		9.5.5 Discussion
	References
	9.6 Case 6: Behavioral management of obesity
		9.6.1 Patient history
		9.6.2 Patient assessment
		9.6.3 Plan
		9.6.4 Short- and long-term follow-up
		9.6.5 Discussion
	References
	9.7 Case 7: Caloric restriction, exercise, and therapeutic weight loss during a novel protein diet trial
		9.7.1 Patient history
		9.7.2 Patient assessment
		9.7.3 Plan
		9.7.4 Follow-up
		9.7.5 Discussion
	References
	9.8 Case 8: Veterinary nurse involvement with weight loss plans
		9.8.1 Patient history
		9.8.2 Diet history
		9.8.3 Patient assessment
		9.8.4 Plan
		9.8.5 Follow-up
		9.8.6 Discussion
	References
Index