Nutritional Biochemistry: From the Classroom to the Research Bench

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Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Preface
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Introduction
Setting the Stage: The Need of Water and Food
	INTRODUCTION
		1.1. Nutrients
			1.1.1. Macronutrients
			1.1.2. Micronutrients
			1.1.3. Water
		1.2. Units of Energy
	CONCLUSION
	NOTES
	REFERENCES
The Cell: The Basic Functional Unit of Life
	INTRODUCTION
		2.1. From the Cell to the Body
			2.1.1. Organ Systems
			2.1.2. Tissues
			2.1.3. Cells
	CONCLUSION
	REFERENCES
Food Intake Regulation: Factors Influencing Food Intake
	INTRODUCTION
		3.1. Regulation of Feed Intake
			3.1.1. Factors that Influence the Choice of Food
	CONCLUSION
	NOTES
	REFERENCES
Regulation of Food Intake: Central Mechanisms
	INTRODUCTION
		4.1. Classical Central Effector Pathways
			4.1.1. NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART Neuropeptides
			4.1.2. Melanocortin System
			4.1.3. Melanin-concentrating Hormone (MCH)
			4.1.4. Orexins/hypocretins
			4.1.5. Galanin
			4.1.6. Galanin-like Peptide (GALP)
			4.1.7. Cerebellin 1
			4.1.8. Glucagon-like Peptide
			4.1.9. Corticotropin-releasing Factor (CRF)
			4.1.10. Neurotensin
			4.1.11. Nesfatin 1
			4.1.12. FMR Famides
		4.2. New Central Molecular Pathways
			4.2.1. Neurosecretory Protein GL and GM (NPGL and NPGM)
			4.2.2. AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Pathway
			4.2.3. Hypothalamic Fatty Acids
			4.2.4. Hypothalamic Glucose
			4.2.5. Hypothalamic Proteins and Amino Acids
			4.2.6. Non-coding RNAs
			4.2.7. Autophagy
			4.2.8. Hypothalamic Mitochondrial Mitofusin 2
	CONCLUSION
	NOTES
	REFERENCES
Regulation of Food Intake: Peripheral Mechanisms
	INTRODUCTION
		5.1. Short-term Regulation of Food Intake
			5.1.1. Ghrelin
			5.1.2. CCK
			5.1.3. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
			5.1.4. Oxyntomodulin (OXM)
			5.1.5. Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)
			5.1.6. Peptide YY (PYY)
			5.1.7. Amylin
			5.1.8. Enterostatin
			5.1.9. Apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV)
		5.2. Long-term Regulation of Food Intake
			5.2.1. Leptin
			5.2.2. Insulin
			5.2.3. Adiponectin
			5.2.4. Visfatin
			5.2.5. Downstream Signaling Pathways and Feeding
		5.3. Hedonic (Non Homeostatic) Regulation of Food Intake
	CONCLUSION
	NOTES
	REFERENCES
Body Fluid Homeostasis and Water Intake Regulation
	INTRODUCTION
		6.1. Organs Involved in Osmoregulation
		6.2. Water and Sodium Taste
		6.3. Central Sensing Mechanisms for Internal Water Homeostasis and Thirst Regulation
			6.3.1. Neurochemical Circuits
		6.4. Peripheral Osmoreceptors
		6.5. Molecular Basis of Body Fluid Regulation
			6.5.1. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) Channels
			6.5.2. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
			6.5.3. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
			6.5.4. Oxytocin
			6.5.5. Secretin
			6.5.6. Serotonin
			6.5.7. Aquaporins (AQPs)
			6.5.8. Other Regulators of Water Fluid Homeostasis
			6.5.9. Non-coding RNAs
		6.6. Interaction Between Hunger- and Thirst-motivational Drives
	CONCLUSION
	NOTES
	REFERENCES
Proteins, Amino Acids, and Nitrogen Metabolism
	INTRODUCTION
		7.1. Protein and Amino Acid Structure
		7.2. Classification of Amino Acids
		7.3. Protein Digestion and Absorption
		7.4. Protein Synthesis
			7.4.1. Importance of Balanced Dietary Amino Acids
			7.4.2. Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
		7.5. Protein Degradation and Turnover
			7.5.1. The Ubiquitin-proteasome System
			7.5.2. The Autophagy Machinery
	CONCLUSION
	NOTES
	REFERENCES
Carbohydrate Metabolism
	INTRODUCTION
		8.1. Types and Characteristics of Carbohydrates
			8.1.1. Monosaccharides
			8.1.2. Di- and Polysaccharides
		8.2. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
		8.3. Carbohydrate Metabolisms
			8.3.1. Carbohydrate Uptake
			8.3.2. Fate of Intracellular Glucose and Major Metabolic Pathways
	CONCLUSION
	NOTES
	REFERENCES
Lipid Metabolism
	INTRODUCTION
		9.1. Classification of Lipids
			9.1.1. Fatty Acids
			9.1.2. Essential Fatty Acids
			9.1.3. Triglycerides
			9.1.4. Phospholipids
			9.1.5. Cholesterols and Steroids
		9.2. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
		9.3. Lipoprotein Metabolism
			9.3.1. VLDL Metabolism
			9.3.2. LDL Metabolism
			9.3.3. HDL Metabolism
			9.3.4. Cholesterol Metabolism and Reverse Cholesterol Transport
		9.4. Fatty Acid Synthesis
		9.5. Fatty Acid Degradation (Lipolysis)
		9.6. Fatty Acid Oxidation
		9.7. Ketogenesis and Ketone Body Metabolism
	CONCLUSION
	NOTES
	REFERENCES
Summary
Subject Index
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