Nutritional and Clinical Management of Chronic Conditions and Diseases

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
The Editor......Page 12
Contributors......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
Childhood Obesity......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 19
1.3.1 Critical Growth Periods......Page 20
1.3.2 Impact of Food and Diet......Page 21
1.3.4 Increased Sedentary Behaviors......Page 22
1.3.5 Genetics......Page 23
1.3.7 Psychologic Factors......Page 24
1.4.1 Hyperlipidemia/Cardiac Risk......Page 25
1.4.2 Type 2 Diabetes/Glucose Intolerance......Page 26
1.4.5 Metabolic Syndrome......Page 27
1.4.7 Sleep Apnea......Page 28
1.4.11 Psychiatric Conditions......Page 29
1.5.3 History and Physical Examination......Page 30
1.5.4 Referral Considerations......Page 32
1.6.1 General Considerations......Page 33
1.6.3 Physical Activity......Page 34
1.6.5 Nutrition......Page 35
1.6.5.4 Moderate-Fat Diet......Page 36
1.6.5.8 Protein-Sparing Modified Fast......Page 37
1.6.6.3 Octreotide......Page 38
1.6.7 Weight Loss Surgery......Page 39
1.6.8 Hazards of Weight Loss......Page 40
1.7 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 41
References......Page 42
2.1 Introduction......Page 52
2.2 Defining Success......Page 54
2.3 The Genetics of Obesity......Page 55
2.4 Environmental and Dietary Influences......Page 57
2.5 The Neurobiology of Food Intake and Weight Control......Page 60
2.6 Approach to the Patient......Page 61
2.7 Special Considerations......Page 68
2.8 Dietary Options......Page 72
2.8.1 High-Protein Diets......Page 73
2.8.2 Low-Fat Diets......Page 75
2.8.3 Moderate Diets......Page 76
2.8.4 Convenience Diets......Page 77
2.9 Pharmacologic Therapy......Page 78
2.10 Future Advances......Page 79
References......Page 80
3.1 Introduction......Page 88
3.2 How Surgery Works in Achieving Weight Loss......Page 89
3.4 Candidates for Surgery......Page 90
3.6 Preoperative Assessment and Management of Comorbidities......Page 91
3.7 Preoperative Screening......Page 92
3.8 Perioperative Use of Medication......Page 93
3.9.1 Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass......Page 94
3.9.2 Vertical Banded Gastroplasty......Page 95
3.9.3 Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding......Page 96
3.9.4 Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch......Page 97
3.10 Conclusion......Page 99
References......Page 100
4.1 Introduction......Page 104
4.3 Modified Food Guide for the Elderly......Page 105
4.4 Nutrition Assessment and Screening in the Elderly......Page 107
4.5 Obesity and the Elderly......Page 110
4.6 Aging and Immune Function......Page 111
4.7 Undernutrition and the Role of Nutritional Supplements in the Elderly......Page 112
4.8 Sarcopenia and the Elderly......Page 113
References......Page 115
5.1 Introduction......Page 120
5.2 The Normal Immune Response......Page 121
5.3 The Allergic Response......Page 123
5.4 Allergic Diseases......Page 124
5.7 Food Allergens......Page 126
5.8.1 IgE-Mediated Allergic Diseases......Page 128
5.8.2 Non-IgE-Mediated Allergic Diseases......Page 130
5.9 Nonallergic Immunologic Diseases Associated with Food Intolerance......Page 131
5.11 Food Additives......Page 132
5.12 Diagnosis of Food Allergy......Page 133
5.13 Treatment......Page 135
5.15.2 Inappropriate Diagnostic Procedures......Page 136
5.15.3 Unproven Therapies......Page 137
References......Page 138
Nutritional Considerations in the Management of Pregnancy and Lactation......Page 142
6.1 Introduction......Page 143
6.2.2 Calories and Body Mass Index......Page 144
6.2.3 Folic Acid......Page 146
6.2.5 Iron......Page 148
6.3.2 Weight Gain......Page 149
6.3.4 Calcium......Page 152
6.4.2.1 Salmonella......Page 153
6.4.3.2 Caffeine......Page 154
6.5 Nutritional Considerations in the Management of Lactation......Page 155
6.5.1 Nutritional Requirements......Page 156
6.5.3 Fluids......Page 157
6.5.5 Weight Loss During Lactation......Page 158
6.5.6 Calcium......Page 159
6.5.8.2 Caffeine......Page 160
References......Page 161
7.1 Introduction......Page 166
7.2 Behavioral Challenges: Patient Adherence and the Role of Clinicians in Nutritional Management......Page 167
7.3.1 Applied Behavior Analysis......Page 169
7.3.2 Social Cognitive Theory......Page 171
7.3.3 The Transtheoretical Model......Page 172
7.4.1 Antecedent Interventions: Advice, Counseling, and Education......Page 173
7.4.2 Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention Programs......Page 176
7.6 Conclusions and Future Research......Page 178
References......Page 180
8.1 Introduction......Page 184
8.2 Phenylketonuria......Page 185
8.2.1 NIH Treatment Guidelines......Page 187
8.4 Galactosemia......Page 188
8.5 Biotinidase......Page 189
8.7 Maple Syrup Urine Disease......Page 190
8.8 Urea Cycle Defects......Page 191
References......Page 192
9.1 Introduction......Page 198
9.3 Protein-Energy Malnutrition and Deficiencies of Individual Nutrients......Page 199
9.4 Low Birth Weight Infants......Page 200
9.5 Adolescents......Page 201
9.6 Elderly......Page 202
9.9.1 Children......Page 203
References......Page 204
10.1 Introduction......Page 206
10.2 Oral Mucosal Disease......Page 207
10.3 Periodontal Diseases......Page 208
10.4.1 Changing Prevalence and Populations Affected......Page 210
10.4.3 Evidence on the Infectious Nature of Caries......Page 211
10.4.4 Evidence from the Literature on Dietary Correlates of Caries......Page 215
10.4.5 Relationships Between Virulence of the Mutans Streptococci and Fermentable Carbohydrates, Especially Sucrose......Page 216
10.4.6 Randomized Clinical Trials to Inhibit Caries......Page 218
10.5 Nutritional Consequences of Edentulous Status......Page 219
References......Page 220
Dermatology and Nutrition......Page 228
11.1 Introduction: The Role of Nutrition in Dermatology......Page 229
11.2.2 Nutritional Aspects......Page 231
11.3.2 Nutritional Aspects......Page 236
11.4.2 Nutritional Aspects......Page 240
11.5.1 Description of Psoriasis......Page 244
11.5.2 Nutritional Aspects......Page 245
11.6.1 Description of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer and Melanoma......Page 249
11.6.2.2 Dietary Fat and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer......Page 250
11.6.2.4 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer......Page 252
11.6.2.6 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Melanoma......Page 253
11.6.2.8 Vitamin D and Melanoma......Page 254
11.6.2.11 Synergy......Page 255
11.6.2.14 Botanicals......Page 256
References......Page 257
12.1 Introduction......Page 268
12.2.1 Brief Summary of Esophageal Cancer......Page 269
12.2.2 Dietary Issues Linked to Cancer Incidence......Page 270
12.2.3 Risk Factors for Malnutrition......Page 271
12.3.1 Brief Summary of Gastric Cancer......Page 272
12.3.2 Dietary Issues Linked to Cancer Incidence......Page 273
12.3.4 Nutritional Management in the Gastric Cancer Patient......Page 274
12.4.1 Brief Summary of Pancreatic Cancer......Page 275
12.4.3 Risk Factors for Malnutrition......Page 276
12.4.4 Nutritional Management of the Pancreatic Cancer Patient......Page 277
References......Page 278
13.1 Introduction......Page 282
13.3 Semistarvation vs. Inflammation in the Genesis of Cachexia......Page 283
13.4 The Inflammatory Response......Page 284
13.5 Cachexia in Chronic Illness......Page 286
13.6 Diagnosis and Monitoring......Page 287
13.7 Treatment......Page 288
13.8 Research Findings......Page 290
13.9 Summary......Page 291
References......Page 292
C......Page 294
D......Page 295
I......Page 296
P......Page 297
U......Page 298
Y......Page 299