Nutrition through the life cycle

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Dehydration......Page 0
Essential and Nonessential Nutrients......Page 31
Carbohydrates......Page 32
Protein......Page 34
Fats (Lipids)......Page 36
Other Substances in Food......Page 41
Water......Page 50
Ingredient Label......Page 63
Functional Foods......Page 64
Dietary Considerations Based on Religion......Page 66
Dietary Assessment......Page 67
Biochemical Assessment......Page 69
WIC......Page 70
U.S. Nutrition and Health Guidelines......Page 72
2010 Nutrition Objectives for the Nation Related to the Preconceptional Period......Page 80
Female Reproductive System......Page 81
Male Reproductive System......Page 83
Undernutrition and Fertility......Page 85
Body Fat and Fertility......Page 86
Exercise and Infertility......Page 87
Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Nutrient Status, and Fertility......Page 88
Caffeine and Fertility......Page 89
Emerging Forms of Contraceptives......Page 91
Very Early Pregnancy Nutrition Exposures......Page 92
Recommended Dietary Intakes for Preconceptional Women......Page 93
The Nutrition Care Process......Page 94
Exercise and Stress Reduction......Page 99
Magnesium, Calcium, Vitamin D, and Vitamin B6 Supplements and PMS Symptoms......Page 100
Weight Loss and Fertility......Page 101
Nutritional Management of Women with Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa......Page 103
Nutritional Management of Type 2 Diabetes......Page 104
Other Components of the Nutritional Management of Type 2 Diabetes......Page 105
Reducing the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes......Page 106
Phenylketonuria (PKU)......Page 107
Nutritional Management of Celiac Disease......Page 109
Infant Mortality......Page 117
Health Objectives for the Year 2010......Page 118
Maternal Physiology......Page 119
Normal Physiological Changes During Pregnancy......Page 120
The Placenta......Page 124
Critical Periods of Growth and Development......Page 125
Variation in Fetal Growth......Page 127
Nutrition, Miscarriages, and Preterm Delivery......Page 130
Mechanisms Underlying the Fetal-Origins Hypothesis......Page 131
Pregnancy Weight Gain Recommendations......Page 132
Famine and Pregnancy Outcome......Page 135
The Need for Energy......Page 137
The Need for Protein......Page 138
Vegetarian Diets in Pregnancy......Page 139
Omega-3 Fatty Acids EPA and DHA During Pregnancy......Page 141
Folate......Page 142
Folate and Congenital Abnormalities......Page 143
Vitamin A......Page 144
Vitamin D......Page 145
Fluoride......Page 146
Iron......Page 147
Sodium......Page 149
Caffeine......Page 150
Pica......Page 151
Dietary Assessment During Pregnancy......Page 152
Nutrition Biomarker Assessment......Page 153
Multivitamin and Mineral Prenatal Supplements......Page 154
Herbal Remedies and Pregnancy......Page 155
Food Safety Issues During Pregnancy......Page 156
Nausea and Vomiting......Page 157
The Montreal Diet Dispensary......Page 158
The WIC Program......Page 159
Nutritional Recommendations and Interventions for Obesity During Pregnancy......Page 164
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy, Oxidative Stress, and Nutrition......Page 165
Preeclampsia–Eclampsia......Page 166
Gestational Diabetes......Page 168
Potential Consequences of Gestational Diabetes......Page 169
Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes......Page 170
Treatment of Gestational Diabetes......Page 171
Exercise Benefits and Recommendations......Page 172
Low-Glycemic Index (GI) Foods......Page 173
Type 1 Diabetes During Pregnancy......Page 174
Background Information about Multiple Fetuses......Page 176
Interventions and Services for Risk Reduction......Page 177
Dietary Intake in Twin Pregnancy......Page 178
Nutritional Recommendations for Women with Multifetal Pregnancy......Page 179
Consequences of HIV/AIDS During Pregnancy......Page 180
Nutritional Factors and HIV/AIDS During Pregnancy......Page 181
Nutritional Interventions for Women with Eating Disorders......Page 182
The Fetal Alcohol Syndrome......Page 183
Dietary and Other Recommendations for Pregnant Adolescents......Page 184
Mammary Gland Development......Page 189
Hormonal Control of Lactation......Page 190
Secretion of Milk......Page 191
Colostrum......Page 192
Energy......Page 193
Protein......Page 194
Minerals in Human Milk......Page 195
Breastfeeding Benefits for Mothers......Page 196
Breastfeeding Benefits for Infants......Page 197
Is Feeding Frequency Related to the Amount of Milk a Woman Can Make?......Page 199
Optimal Duration of Breastfeeding......Page 200
Presenting the Breast to the Suckling Infant......Page 201
Mechanics of Breastfeeding......Page 202
Identifying Breastfeeding Malnutrition......Page 203
Tooth Decay......Page 204
Nutrition Assessment of Breastfeeding Women......Page 205
Energy and Nutrient Needs......Page 206
Exercise and Breastfeeding......Page 207
Infant Colic......Page 208
Socioeconomic......Page 209
Prenatal Breastfeeding Education and Support......Page 210
Lactation Support in Hospitals and Birthing Centers......Page 211
Lactation Support After Discharge......Page 213
The Workplace......Page 214
National Breastfeeding Policy......Page 215
WIC National Breastfeeding Promotion Project—Loving Support Makes Breastfeeding Work......Page 216
Wellstart International......Page 217
Flat or Inverted Nipples......Page 222
Engorgement......Page 223
Mastitis......Page 224
Low Milk Supply......Page 226
Specific Herbs Used in the United States......Page 229
Alcohol......Page 231
Marijuana......Page 233
Environmental Exposures......Page 234
Bilirubin Metabolism......Page 236
Hyperbilirubinemia and Breastfeeding......Page 237
Prevention and Treatment for Severe Jaundice......Page 239
Information for Parents......Page 240
Food Intolerance......Page 241
Breastfeeding and HIV Infection......Page 244
Milk Banking......Page 246
The Rush Mothers’ Milk Club......Page 247
Infant Mortality......Page 251
Standard Newborn Growth Assessment......Page 252
Cognitive Development......Page 253
Digestive System Development......Page 254
Parenting......Page 255
Fats......Page 256
Other Nutrients and Non-nutrients......Page 257
Breast Milk and Formula......Page 259
Soy Protein-Based Formulas During Infancy......Page 261
Introduction of Solid Foods......Page 262
Food Texture and Development......Page 264
First Foods......Page 265
How Much Food Is Enough for Infants?......Page 266
Supplements for Infants......Page 267
Failure to Thrive......Page 268
Iron-Deficiency Anemia......Page 269
Food Allergies and Intolerances......Page 270
Lactose Intolerance......Page 271
Model Program: Newborn Screening......Page 272
Energy Needs......Page 277
Fats......Page 278
Vitamins and Minerals......Page 279
Does Intrauterine Growth Predict Growth Outside?......Page 280
Nutrition Risks to Development......Page 282
What to Feed Preterm Infants......Page 284
Preterm Infants and Feeding......Page 285
Infants with Genetic Disorders......Page 288
Healthy People 2010......Page 295
The 2000 CDC Growth Charts......Page 297
Toddlers......Page 299
Preschool-Age Children......Page 301
Food Preference Development, Appetite, and Satiety......Page 303
Energy Needs......Page 305
Iron-Deficiency Anemia......Page 306
Dental Caries......Page 307
Elevated Blood Lead Levels......Page 308
Food Safety......Page 309
Assessment of Overweight and Obesity......Page 310
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity Expert Committee Recommendations......Page 311
Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Toddlers and Preschoolers......Page 312
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements......Page 313
Dietary Guidelines......Page 314
Recommendations for Intake of Iron, Fiber, Fat, and Calcium......Page 315
Recommended vs. Actual Food Intake......Page 317
Vegetarian Diets......Page 318
Model Program......Page 319
WIC......Page 320
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly the Food Stamp Program)......Page 321
Behavioral Feeding Problems......Page 328
Excessive Fluid Intake......Page 329
Failure to Thrive......Page 330
Toddler Diarrhea and Celiac Disease......Page 331
Muscle Coordination Problems and Cerebral Palsy......Page 332
Developmental Delay and Evaluations......Page 334
Importance of Nutrition......Page 339
Healthy People 2010......Page 340
Physiological Development......Page 341
Cognitive Development......Page 342
Development of Feeding Skills and Eating Behaviors......Page 343
Protein......Page 345
Dental Caries......Page 346
Overweight and Obesity in School-Age Children......Page 347
Addressing the Problem of Pediatric Overweight and Obesity......Page 349
Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in School-Age Children......Page 350
Recommendations for Intake of Iron, Fiber, Fat, Calcium, Vitamin D and Fluids......Page 352
Recommended vs. Actual Food Intake......Page 354
Recommendations vs. Actual Activity......Page 355
Nutrition Education......Page 356
Nutrition Integrity in Schools......Page 357
Model Programs......Page 358
The National School Lunch Program......Page 360
Summer Food Service Program......Page 361
Team Nutrition......Page 362
Other Nutrients......Page 368
Body Composition and Growth......Page 369
Methods of Meeting Nutritional Requirements......Page 372
Fluids......Page 373
Specific Disorders......Page 374
Maternal and Child Health Block Program of the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)......Page 379
Nutrition Intervention Model Program......Page 381
Changes in Weight, Body Composition, and Skeletal Mass......Page 387
Vegetarian Diets......Page 391
Dietary Intake and Adequacy Among Adolescents......Page 393
Energy......Page 395
Carbohydrates......Page 396
Calcium......Page 397
Vitamin D......Page 398
Folate......Page 399
Vitamin C......Page 400
Nutrition Education and Counseling......Page 401
Factors Affecting Physical Activity......Page 406
School Programs......Page 408
Community Involvement in Nutritionally Supportive Environments......Page 411
Assessment and Treatment of Adolescent Overweight and Obesity......Page 415
Vitamin–Mineral Supplements......Page 417
Ergogenic Supplements Used by Teens......Page 418
Special Dietary Practices......Page 419
Hypertension......Page 421
Hyperlipidemia......Page 422
Dieting Behaviors......Page 423
Body Dissatisfaction......Page 424
Anorexia Nervosa......Page 425
Bulimia Nervosa......Page 426
Binge-Eating Disorder......Page 427
Etiology of Eating Disorders......Page 428
Treating Eating Disorders......Page 429
Preventing Eating Disorders......Page 430
Children and Adolescents with Chronic Health Conditions......Page 431
Importance of Nutrition......Page 434
Estimating Energy Needs in Adults......Page 436
Age-Related Changes in Energy Expenditure......Page 437
Continuum of Nutritional Health......Page 438
States of Nutritional Health......Page 439
Health Disparities Among Groups of Adults......Page 440
Dietary Guidelines for Americans......Page 441
Vegetarian Diets......Page 442
Alcoholic Beverages......Page 443
Effects of Caffeine Intake on Water Need......Page 444
Risk Nutrients......Page 445
Physical Activity, Body Composition, and Metabolic Function......Page 449
Diet and Physical Activity......Page 450
The Eating Competence Model......Page 451
A Model Health-Promotion Program......Page 452
Putting It All Together......Page 453
Etiology of Obesity......Page 458
Screening and Assessment......Page 459
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Weight Management......Page 460
Pharmocotherapy for Weight Loss......Page 462
Bariatric Surgery......Page 463
Physiological Effects of Atherosclerosis......Page 464
Primary Prevention......Page 465
Medical Nutrition Therapy for CVD......Page 468
Pharmacotherapy of CVD......Page 469
Effects of Metabolic Syndrome......Page 470
Screening and Assessment......Page 471
Etiology of Diabetes......Page 472
Interventions for Diabetes......Page 473
ADA Exchange Lists......Page 474
Physical Activity in Diabetes Management......Page 475
Physiological Effects of Cancer......Page 476
Screening and Assessment......Page 477
Alternative Medicine and Cancer Treatment......Page 478
Assessment......Page 479
Nutrition Interventions for HIV......Page 480
What Counts as Old Depends On Who Is Counting......Page 483
Global Population Trends: Life Expectancy and Life Span......Page 484
Programmed Aging......Page 485
Wear-and-Tear Theories of Aging......Page 486
Body-Composition Changes......Page 487
Changing Sensual Awareness: Taste and Smell, Chewing and Swallowing, Appetite and Thirst......Page 489
Nutritional Risk Factors......Page 490
Estimating Energy Needs......Page 495
Nutrient Recommendations for Older Adults: Energy Sources......Page 497
Age-Associated Changes: Nutrients of Concern......Page 500
Nutrient Supplements: When, Why, Who, What, and How Much?......Page 502
Dietary Supplements, Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Older Adults......Page 504
Cross-Cultural Considerations in Making Dietary Recommendations......Page 506
Nutrition Education......Page 508
Store-to-Door: A Nongovernmental Service that Supports Aging in Place......Page 510
The Promise of Prevention: Health Promotion......Page 511
Nutritional Remedies for Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 516
Risk Factors......Page 518
Nutritional Remedies......Page 519
Nutritional Interventions......Page 521
Etiology, Effects, and Risk Factors of Obesity......Page 522
Nutritional Remedies......Page 523
Prevalence......Page 524
Effects of Osteoporosis......Page 525
Nutritional Remedies......Page 526
Other Issues Impacting Nutritional Remedies......Page 527
Stomach Conditions Affect Nutrient Availability: Vitamin B12 Malabsorption......Page 529
Constipation......Page 531
Effects of Osteoarthritis......Page 533
Nutritional Remedies......Page 534
Prevalence of Dementia......Page 535
Etiology of Cognitive Disorders......Page 536
Definition......Page 537
Etiology......Page 538
Nutrition Interventions......Page 540
Etiology......Page 541
Dehydration at End of Life......Page 542