Nutrition: Science and Applications

Cover Page\r......Page 1
Title Page\r......Page 5
Copyright Page\r......Page 6
Dedication\r......Page 7
Preface\r......Page 8
Acknowledgments\r......Page 23
Contents......Page 27
1 Nutrition: Food for Health......Page 42
The Changing American Food Supply\r......Page 44
How Healthy Is the American Diet?\r......Page 45
Classes of Nutrients\r......Page 47
Functions of Nutrients\r......Page 49
Nutrition and Health\r......Page 51
Food Choices for a Healthy Diet\r......Page 52
Factors that Affect Food Choices\r......Page 53
Choosing a Healthy Diet\r......Page 54
The Scientific Method\r......Page 57
What Makes a Good Experiment?\r......Page 58
Interpretation of Experimental Results\r......Page 59
Types of Nutrition Studies\r......Page 60
SCIENCE APPLIED From “Seven Countries” to the Mediterranean Diet\r......Page 61
Critical Thinking Using the Scientific Method\r......Page 63
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Study\r......Page 65
Does the Information Make Sense?\r......Page 66
Where Did the Information Come From?\r......Page 67
Off the Label Look Beyond the Banner on the Label\r......Page 68
Who Stands to Benefit?\r......Page 69
Outcome\r......Page 70
Summary\r......Page 71
Review Questions\r......Page 72
References\r......Page 73
2 Nutrition Guidelines: Applying the Science of Nutrition\r......Page 74
Nutrition Recommendations in the United States\r......Page 76
Dietary Reference Intakes\r......Page 77
Nutrient Recommendations\r......Page 78
Energy Recommendations\r......Page 80
Recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines\r......Page 81
MyPyramid: Applying the Dietary Guidelines\r......Page 84
The Food Group Concept\r......Page 85
MyPyramid Food Groups and Amounts\r......Page 86
Discretionary Kcalories\r......Page 87
Key Messages of MyPyramid\r......Page 88
Finding Your Pyramid Plan\r......Page 89
Critical Thinking The Personalized Pyramid\r......Page 92
Food Labels\r......Page 93
Your Choice How Can You Eat Out and Still Eat Well?\r......Page 94
Dietary Supplement Labels\r......Page 97
Off the Label Using Food Labels to Choose Wisely\r......Page 98
Label Claims\r......Page 99
Other Guidelines\r......Page 101
Exchange Lists\r......Page 102
The Healthy People Initiative\r......Page 103
Individual Nutritional Health\r......Page 104
SCIENCE APPLIED The Art of Assessing Food Intake\r......Page 105
Nutritional Health of the Population\r......Page 109
Critical Thinking Assessing Nutritional Health\r......Page 110
APPLICATIONS\r......Page 112
Summary\r......Page 113
Review Questions\r......Page 114
References\r......Page 115
3 Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism\r......Page 116
Atoms and Molecules\r......Page 118
Organ Systems\r......Page 119
Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract\r......Page 120
Digestive Secretions\r......Page 121
Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function\r......Page 122
The Gastrointestinal Tract and Immune Function\r......Page 123
Mouth\r......Page 124
Pharynx\r......Page 125
Stomach\r......Page 126
Small Intestine\r......Page 129
Large Intestine\r......Page 132
Your Choice Should You Feed Your Flora?\r......Page 133
Common Digestive Problems\r......Page 134
Off the Label Antacids: Learning the Drug Facts\r......Page 137
Alternate Feeding Methods\r......Page 138
SCIENCE APPLIED Discovering What Causes Ulcers\r......Page 139
The Digestive System Throughout Life\r......Page 140
The Cardiovascular System\r......Page 141
Critical Thinking Gastrointestinal Problems Can Affect Nutrition\r......Page 142
The Hepatic Portal Circulation\r......Page 143
Body Cells\r......Page 144
Metabolism of Nutrients: An Overview\r......Page 145
Producing ATP\r......Page 146
Elimination of Metabolic Wastes\r......Page 148
Kidneys\r......Page 149
APPLICATIONS\r......Page 150
Summary\r......Page 151
Review Questions......Page 152
References\r......Page 153
4 Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fiber\r......Page 154
Refined Carbohydrates\r......Page 156
Added Sugars\r......Page 158
Simple Carbohydrates\r......Page 159
Complex Carbohydrates\r......Page 161
Your Choice Choosing Whole Grains\r......Page 163
Digestible Carbohydrates\r......Page 165
Lactose Intolerance\r......Page 166
Indigestible Carbohydrates\r......Page 167
SCIENCE APPLIED Cereal Fibers and Health\r......Page 169
Using Carbohydrate to Provide Energy\r......Page 170
Carbohydrate and Fat Breakdown\r......Page 172
Regulating Blood Glucose\r......Page 173
Diabetes Mellitus\r......Page 175
Hypoglycemia\r......Page 178
Dental Caries\r......Page 179
Do Carbohydrates Affect Body Weight?\r......Page 180
Carbohydrates and Heart Disease\r......Page 181
Indigestible Carbohydrates and Bowel Disorders\r......Page 182
Indigestible Carbohydrates and Colon Cancer\r......Page 183
Types of Carbohydrate Recommendations\r......Page 184
Tools for Assessing Carbohydrate Intake\r......Page 187
Off the Label The Scoop on Sugar\r......Page 188
Translating Recommendations into Healthy Diets\r......Page 189
Alternative Sweeteners\r......Page 191
Critical Thinking Becoming Less Refined\r......Page 192
Outcome\r......Page 195
Summary\r......Page 196
References\r......Page 198
5 Lipids\r......Page 200
America’s Changing Fat Intake\r......Page 202
How Fat Intake Affects Health\r......Page 203
Triglycerides and Fatty Acids......Page 204
Phospholipids\r......Page 208
Sterols\r......Page 209
Your Choice Eating to Lower Cholesterol Levels\r......Page 210
Lipids in the Digestive Tract\r......Page 211
Transport from the Small Intestine\r......Page 212
SCIENCE APPLIED A Genetic Disease and Cholesterol Regulation\r......Page 214
Structure and Lubrication\r......Page 215
Regulation\r......Page 216
ATP Production\r......Page 217
Cardiovascular Disease\r......Page 220
Critical Thinking Lowering the Risk of Heart Disease\r......Page 225
Dietary Fat and Cancer\r......Page 227
Dietary Fat and Obesity\r......Page 228
Types of Lipid Recommendations\r......Page 229
Guidelines for Prevention of Specific Diseases......Page 230
Tools for Assessing Fat Intake\r......Page 231
Off the Label Choosing Lean Meat\r......Page 233
Translating Recommendations Into Healthy Diets\r......Page 234
Reduced-Fat Foods\r......Page 236
Critical Thinking Eating Healthier Fats\r......Page 237
Outcome\r......Page 239
APPLICATIONS\r......Page 240
Summary\r......Page 241
References\r......Page 242
What’s in Alcoholic Beverages?......Page 244
Absorption,Transport, and Excretion of Alcohol\r......Page 245
Alcohol Dehydrogenase\r......Page 247
Alcohol Metabolism in the Colon\r......Page 248
Adverse Effects of Alcohol Consumption\r......Page 249
Alcoholism: Chronic Effects of Alcohol Use\r......Page 250
Benefits of Alcohol Consumption and Safe Drinking\r......Page 252
References\r......Page 254
6 Proteins and Amino Acids\r......Page 256
Nutrients Supplied by Animal and Plant Foods\r......Page 258
Amino Acid Structure\r......Page 259
Protein Structure\r......Page 260
Protein Digestion and Food Allergies\r......Page 262
Protein Turnover\r......Page 264
Protein Synthesis\r......Page 265
SCIENCE APPLIED Discovering How to Manipulate Genes\r......Page 266
Synthesis of Nonprotein Molecules\r......Page 267
ATP Production\r......Page 268
Protein Functions\r......Page 270
Protein Deficiency\r......Page 273
Protein Excess\r......Page 274
Proteins and Amino Acids that May Cause Harm\r......Page 275
Off the Label Is It Safe for You?\r......Page 276
Determining Protein Requirements\r......Page 278
The RDA for Protein\r......Page 279
Critical Thinking What Does Nitrogen Balance Tell Us?\r......Page 280
Estimating Protein Intake\r......Page 282
Considering Protein Quality\r......Page 283
Translating Recommendations into Healthy Diets\r......Page 285
Meeting Needs with a Vegetarian Diet\r......Page 287
Nutrients at Risk in Vegetarian Diets\r......Page 288
Vegetarian Food Groups\r......Page 289
Critical Thinking Choosing a Healthy Vegetarian Diet\r......Page 290
APPLICATIONS\r......Page 292
Summary\r......Page 293
Review Questions\r......Page 294
References\r......Page 295
7 Energy Balance and Weight Management\r......Page 296
The Obesity Epidemic\r......Page 298
Energy In: Kcalories Taken in as Food\r......Page 299
Off the Label How Many Kcalories in that Bowl, Box, or Bottle?\r......Page 302
Energy Out: Kcalories Used by the Body\r......Page 303
Energy Stores\r......Page 305
Measuring Energy Expenditure\r......Page 309
Recommendations for Energy Intake\r......Page 310
Excess Body Fat and Disease Risk\r......Page 312
Health Implications of Being Underweight\r......Page 315
Assessing Body Composition\r......Page 316
Body Mass Index\r......Page 319
Location of Body Fat\r......Page 321
Regulation of Energy Balance\r......Page 322
Obesity Genes\r......Page 323
Mechanisms for Regulating Body Weight\r......Page 324
How Genes Contribute to Obesity\r......Page 325
SCIENCE APPLIED Leptin: Discovery of an Obesity Gene\r......Page 326
Why Are Americans Getting Fatter? Genes Versus Lifestyle\r......Page 328
Lifestyle Patterns and Rising Obesity Rates\r......Page 329
Who Should Lose Weight?......Page 331
Critical Thinking Balancing Energy: Genetics and Lifestyle\r......Page 332
Weight-Loss Goals and Guidelines\r......Page 334
Suggestions for Weight Gain\r......Page 336
Diets, Diets, Everywhere\r......Page 337
Prepared Meals and Drinks\r......Page 338
Low-Fat Diets\r......Page 340
Low-Carbohydrate Diets\r......Page 341
Critical Thinking Choosing a Weight Loss Plan that Works for You\r......Page 342
Drugs and Supplements\r......Page 343
Bariatric Surgery\r......Page 344
Your Choice Can A Weight-Loss Supplement Help You Trim Pounds?\r......Page 346
Outcome\r......Page 349
APPLICATIONS\r......Page 350
Summary\r......Page 351
Review Questions......Page 352
References\r......Page 353
What Are Eating Disorders?\r......Page 356
The Role of Genetics\r......Page 358
Sociocultural Messages about the Ideal Body\r......Page 359
Psychological Issues\r......Page 361
Anorexic Behaviors\r......Page 362
Psychological Issues......Page 363
Bulimic Behaviors\r......Page 364
Binge-Eating Disorder\r......Page 365
Eating Disorders in Men\r......Page 366
Eating Disorders in Children\r......Page 368
Eating Disorders in Athletes\r......Page 369
Eating Disorders and Diabetes\r......Page 370
Getting Help for a Friend or Family Member\r......Page 371
References\r......Page 372
8 The Water-Soluble Vitamins\r......Page 374
Vitamins in the Modern Diet\r......Page 376
Your Choice Are They Foods? Should You Choose Them?\r......Page 379
Understanding Vitamin Needs\r......Page 380
Thiamin\r......Page 383
Thiamin in the Body\r......Page 384
Thiamin Deficiency\r......Page 385
Thiamin Supplements\r......Page 387
Riboflavin in the Body\r......Page 388
Niacin\r......Page 389
Niacin in the Diet\r......Page 390
SCIENCE APPLIED Pellagra: Infectious Disease or Dietary Deficiency?\r......Page 391
Recommended Niacin Intake\r......Page 392
Biotin in the Diet\r......Page 393
Pantothenic Acid in the Body\r......Page 394
Vitamin B6\r......Page 395
Recommended Vitamin B6 Intake\r......Page 396
Vitamin B6, Homocysteine, and Cardiovascular Disease\r......Page 398
Vitamin B6 Supplements and Toxicity\r......Page 399
Folate in the Body\r......Page 400
Meeting Folate Needs\r......Page 401
Critical Thinking Meeting Folate Recommendations\r......Page 402
Folate Deficiency\r......Page 403
Off the Label How Much Vitamin C Is in Your Orange Juice?\r......Page 404
Folate and Heart Disease\r......Page 405
Vitamin B12\r......Page 406
Vitamin B12 in the Digestive Tract\r......Page 407
Vitamin B12 Deficiency\r......Page 408
Vitamin C\r......Page 409
Vitamin C in the Body\r......Page 410
Vitamin C Toxicity\r......Page 413
Vitamin C Supplements\r......Page 414
Critical Thinking Supplemental Choices\r......Page 415
Choline: Is It a Vitamin?\r......Page 416
APPLICATIONS\r......Page 417
Summary\r......Page 418
Review Questions\r......Page 419
References\r......Page 420
9 The Fat-Soluble Vitamins\r......Page 422
Fat-Soluble Vitamins in the Modern Diet\r......Page 424
Vitamin A in the Diet\r......Page 425
Vitamin A in the Digestive Tract\r......Page 427
Vitamin A in the Body\r......Page 428
Recommended Vitamin A Intake\r......Page 432
Vitamin A Deficiency: A World Health Problem\r......Page 433
Vitamin A Toxicity and Supplements\r......Page 434
Vitamin D in the Diet\r......Page 436
Vitamin D in the Body\r......Page 438
Recommended Vitamin D Intake\r......Page 439
Vitamin D Deficiency\r......Page 440
Vitamin E\r......Page 441
Vitamin E in the Diet\r......Page 442
Vitamin E in the Body\r......Page 443
Vitamin E Supplements and Toxicity\r......Page 444
Vitamin K in the Diet\r......Page 445
Off the Label Think Before You Supplement\r......Page 446
Recommended Vitamin K Intake\r......Page 448
Vitamin K Toxicity and Supplements\r......Page 449
SCIENCE APPLIED Cows, Clover, and Coagulation\r......Page 450
Outcome\r......Page 451
Summary\r......Page 452
References\r......Page 453
Focus On Phytochemicals\r......Page 456
Phytochemicals in the Modern Diet\r......Page 457
Carotenoids\r......Page 458
Indoles, Isothiocyanates, and Alliums\r......Page 459
Your Choice Chocolate: High-Fat Treat or Functional Food?\r......Page 460
Choosing a Phytochemical-Rich Diet\r......Page 461
Eat More Fruits and Vegetables\r......Page 462
Make Half Your Grains Whole\r......Page 463
References\r......Page 464
10 Water and the Electrolytes\r......Page 466
Functions of Water in the Body\r......Page 468
Distribution of Body Water\r......Page 470
Water Balance\r......Page 472
Your Choice Is Bottled Water Better?\r......Page 474
Recommended Water Intake\r......Page 476
Water Deficiency: Dehydration\r......Page 477
Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride in the Modern Diet\r......Page 478
Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride in the Body\r......Page 479
Recommended Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium Intake\r......Page 481
Hypertension\r......Page 483
Diet and Blood Pressure\r......Page 484
Choosing a Diet and Lifestyle to Prevent Hypertension\r......Page 485
SCIENCE APPLIED A Total Dietary Approach to Reducing Blood Pressure\r......Page 486
Critical Thinking A Diet for Health\r......Page 488
Off the Label Pass on the Salt\r......Page 490
Outcome\r......Page 492
Summary\r......Page 493
References\r......Page 494
11 Major Minerals and Bone Health\r......Page 496
Minerals in the Modern Diet\r......Page 498
Understanding Minerals Needs\r......Page 500
Calcium in the Diet\r......Page 502
Your Choice Choose Your Beverage Wisely\r......Page 503
Calcium in the Digestive Tract\r......Page 504
Calcium in the Body\r......Page 505
Recommended Calcium Intake\r......Page 506
Calcium Deficiency and Toxicity\r......Page 507
Bone: A Living Tissue\r......Page 508
Osteoporosis\r......Page 509
SCIENCE APPLIED Bone: Lost in Space\r......Page 512
Preventing and Treating Osteoporosis\r......Page 513
Critical Thinking Osteoporosis Risk\r......Page 514
Off the Label Counting All Your Calcium\r......Page 516
Phosphorus in the Digestive Tract\r......Page 517
Recommended Phosphorus Intake\r......Page 518
Magnesium in the Body\r......Page 519
Sulfur\r......Page 521
APPLICATIONS\r......Page 522
Summary\r......Page 523
References\r......Page 524
12 The Trace Elements\r......Page 526
Iron (Fe)\r......Page 528
Iron in the Diet\r......Page 529
Iron in the Digestive Tract\r......Page 530
Iron in the Body\r......Page 531
Recommended Iron Intake\r......Page 533
Iron Deficiency\r......Page 534
Iron Toxicity\r......Page 535
Critical Thinking Increasing Iron Intake and Uptake\r......Page 536
Meeting Iron Needs: Consider the Total Diet\r......Page 538
Zinc in the Digestive Tract\r......Page 539
Zinc in the Body\r......Page 540
Zinc Deficiency\r......Page 541
Zinc Supplements\r......Page 542
Copper in the Digestive Tract\r......Page 543
Copper Deficiency\r......Page 544
Manganese Deficiency and Toxicity\r......Page 545
Selenium in the Body\r......Page 546
Selenium Deficiency\r......Page 547
Iodine (I)\r......Page 548
Your Choice Antioxidant Supplements: Are They Beneficial?\r......Page 549
Iodine in the Body\r......Page 550
Iodine Deficiency\r......Page 551
Iodine Toxicity\r......Page 552
Off the Label Should You Choose Salt Labeled “Iodized”?\r......Page 553
Chromium Deficiency\r......Page 554
Fluoride in the Diet\r......Page 555
SCIENCE APPLIED From Colorado Brown Stain to Water Fluoridation\r......Page 556
Fluoride Toxicity\r......Page 557
Other Trace Elements\r......Page 558
Outcome\r......Page 559
Summary\r......Page 560
References\r......Page 562
Focus On Nonvitamin/Nonmineral Supplements\r......Page 564
Dietary Supplement Labels\r......Page 565
Amino Acids\r......Page 566
Hormone Supplements\r......Page 567
Coenzyme Supplements\r......Page 568
Carotenoids\r......Page 569
Herbal Supplements\r......Page 570
Ginseng\r......Page 572
References\r......Page 574
13 Nutrition and Physical Activity\r......Page 576
Exercise Improves Fitness\r......Page 578
Health Benefits of Exercise\r......Page 580
Exercise Recommendations\r......Page 582
Components of a Good Exercise Regimen\r......Page 583
Planning an Active Lifestyle\r......Page 584
Critical Thinking Incorporating Exercise Sensibly\r......Page 586
Fueling Exercise\r......Page 587
SCIENCE APPLIED Training: Sometimes Less Is Better\r......Page 588
The Effect of Exercise Duration\r......Page 589
The Effect of Exercise Intensity\r......Page 592
The Effect of Training\r......Page 593
Energy Needs\r......Page 594
Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Needs\r......Page 597
Your Choice Ergogenic Hormones: Anything for an Edge\r......Page 598
Vitamin and Mineral Needs\r......Page 599
Fluid Needs for Physical Activity\r......Page 600
Dehydration\r......Page 601
Hyponatremia\r......Page 602
Recommended Fluid Intake for Exercise\r......Page 603
Maximizing Glycogen Stores\r......Page 605
What to Eat Before Exercise\r......Page 606
What to Eat After Exercise\r......Page 607
Off the Label What Are You Getting from That Sports Bar?\r......Page 608
Vitamin Supplements\r......Page 609
Protein Supplements\r......Page 611
Supplements to Enhance Short, Intense Performance\r......Page 612
Critical Thinking Does it Provide an Ergogenic Boost?\r......Page 613
Supplements to Enhance Endurance\r......Page 614
Other Supplements\r......Page 615
Outcome\r......Page 617
Summary\r......Page 618
References\r......Page 620
14 Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation\r......Page 622
Prenatal Growth and Development\r......Page 624
Changes in the Mother\r......Page 626
Discomforts of Pregnancy\r......Page 629
Complications of Pregnancy\r......Page 631
Protein, Carbohydrate, and Fat Recommendations\r......Page 632
Micronutrient Needs During Pregnancy\r......Page 633
SCIENCE APPLIED Folate: From Epidemiology to Health Policy\r......Page 635
Critical Thinking Nutrient Needs for a Successful Pregnancy\r......Page 637
Meeting Needs with Food and Supplements\r......Page 638
Off the Label What’s in a Prenatal Supplement?\r......Page 639
Maternal Nutritional Status\r......Page 640
Maternal Health Status\r......Page 642
Exposure to Toxic Substances\r......Page 644
The Physiology of Lactation\r......Page 647
Maternal Nutrient Needs During Lactation\r......Page 649
Fat Recommendations\r......Page 650
Water Needs\r......Page 651
Micronutrient Needs of Infants\r......Page 652
Assessing Infant Growth\r......Page 653
Meeting Nutrient Needs with Breast-Feeding\r......Page 654
Meeting Nutrient Needs with Bottle-Feeding\r......Page 658
Your Choice Which Infant Formula Is Best?\r......Page 660
Outcome\r......Page 661
Summary\r......Page 662
Review Questions\r......Page 663
References\r......Page 664
15 Nutrition from Infancy to Adolescence\r......Page 666
What Are American Children Eating?\r......Page 668
The Health of American Children\r......Page 669
Healthy Eating Is Learned for Life\r......Page 670
Monitoring Growth\r......Page 671
Nutrient Needs of Infants and Children\r......Page 672
Off the Label Reading Labels on Food for Young Children\r......Page 674
Feeding Infants\r......Page 675
Your Choice How Can You Find Peanut-Free Foods?\r......Page 678
Feeding Children\r......Page 679
SCIENCE APPLIED Is Breakfast Food Really Brain Food?\r......Page 682
Dental Caries\r......Page 684
Diet and Hyperactivity\r......Page 685
Lead Toxicity\r......Page 686
Childhood Obesity\r......Page 687
Critical Thinking At Risk for Malnutrition\r......Page 688
The Changing Body: Sexual Maturation\r......Page 692
Adolescent Nutrient Needs\r......Page 693
Meeting Adolescent Nutrient Needs\r......Page 694
Vegetarian Diets\r......Page 695
Eating for Appearance and Performance\r......Page 696
Critical Thinking Less Food May Not Mean Fewer Kcalories\r......Page 697
Alcohol Use\r......Page 699
Outcome\r......Page 700
Summary\r......Page 701
Review Questions\r......Page 702
References\r......Page 703
16 Nutrition and Aging:The Adult Years\r......Page 706
How Long Can Americans Expect to Live?\r......Page 708
SCIENCE APPLIED Eat Less—Live Longer?\r......Page 709
What Causes Aging?\r......Page 710
Genetics, Environment, and Lifestyle\r......Page 711
Energy and Macronutrient Needs......Page 712
Micronutrient Needs\r......Page 714
Physiological Changes\r......Page 716
Acute and Chronic Illness\r......Page 721
Your Choice Do Glucosamines and Chondroiten Really Help Arthritis?\r......Page 722
Economic, Social, and Psychological Factors\r......Page 725
A Healthy Diet Plan for Older Adults\r......Page 727
Physical Activity for Older Adults\r......Page 729
Preventing Food Insecurity\r......Page 731
Nutrition Programs for the Elderly\r......Page 732
Critical Thinking Averting Malnutrition\r......Page 734
Outcome\r......Page 735
Summary\r......Page 736
References\r......Page 737
17 Food Safety\r......Page 740
What Is Foodborne Illness?\r......Page 742
Keeping Food Safe\r......Page 743
The Government’s Role\r......Page 744
The Role of Food Manufacturers and Retailers\r......Page 746
The Role of the Consumer\r......Page 747
Pathogens in Food\r......Page 748
Bacteria......Page 750
Viruses\r......Page 753
Parasites\r......Page 754
Prions\r......Page 755
Reducing the Risk of Microbial Foodborne Illness\r......Page 756
Your Choice Should You Bypass the Beef?\r......Page 757
Chemical Contaminants in Food\r......Page 761
Risks and Benefits of Pesticides\r......Page 762
Contamination from Industrial Wastes\r......Page 764
Choosing Wisely to Reduce Risk\r......Page 765
Food Technology\r......Page 766
High and Low Temperatures\r......Page 767
SCIENCE APPLIED Pasteurization: From Spoiled Wine to Safe Milk\r......Page 768
Food Irradiation\r......Page 769
Food Additives\r......Page 770
Off the Label Should You Avoid Food Additives?\r......Page 772
Outcome\r......Page 774
Summary\r......Page 775
References\r......Page 776
Focus On Biotechnology\r......Page 778
How Does Biotechnology Work?\r......Page 779
DNA Structure\r......Page 780
Methods of Biotechnology\r......Page 782
Is Genetic Modification Really New?\r......Page 783
Applications of Modern Biotechnology\r......Page 784
Increasing Crop Yields\r......Page 785
Improving Nutritional Quality\r......Page 786
Enhancing Food Safety\r......Page 787
Safety and Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods\r......Page 788
Consumer Safety\r......Page 789
Off the Label Should Genetically Modified Foods Carry Special Labels?\r......Page 790
Environmental Concerns\r......Page 791
Regulation of Genetically Engineered Food Products\r......Page 792
References\r......Page 793
18 World Hunger and Malnutrition\r......Page 794
Nutrition Transition\r......Page 796
Obesity: A World Health Problem\r......Page 797
Low Birth Weight and Infant Mortality\r......Page 798
Infectious Diseases\r......Page 799
Food Shortages\r......Page 800
Your Choice Does Choosing Vegetarian Help Alleviate World Hunger?\r......Page 803
Poor Quality Diets\r......Page 804
SCIENCE APPLIED Vitamin A:The Anti-Infective Vitamin\r......Page 806
Eliminating World Hunger\r......Page 807
Short-Term Emergency Aid\r......Page 808
Providing Enough Food\r......Page 809
Off the Label What’s on Food Labels Around the World?\r......Page 811
Ensuring a Nutritious Food Supply\r......Page 813
Critical Thinking What Can You Do?\r......Page 814
Hunger at Home\r......Page 815
Causes of Food Insecurity\r......Page 816
Federal Programs to Prevent Malnutrition\r......Page 819
Outcome\r......Page 821
Summary\r......Page 822
References\r......Page 823
Appendices\r......Page 827
A Additional DRI Tables\r......Page 828
B Standards for Body Size\r......Page 830
C Normal Blood Values of Nutritional Relevance\r......Page 835
D Sources of Information on Nutrition\r......Page 837
E Canadian Nutritional Recommendations and Guidelines\r......Page 839
F World Health Organization Nutrition Recommendations\r......Page 843
G U.S. Nutrition Recommendations\r......Page 844
H Ethnic and Alternative Pyramids for Diet and Lifestyle Planning\r......Page 848
I Exchange Lists\r......Page 850
J Food Labeling Information\r......Page 868
K Energy Expenditure for Various Activities\r......Page 872
L Chemistry, Metabolism, and Structures\r......Page 874
M Critical Thinking Answers\r......Page 896
N Calculations and Conversions\r......Page 904
Glossary\r......Page 905
Index\r......Page 923