Nutrition of the Rabbit 3rd Edition

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Nutrition of the Rabbit, 3rd Edition
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Contents
Contributors
1 The Digestive System of the Rabbit
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 The Digestive System of the Rabbit
	1.3 Age-related Changes in the Morphology and Function of the Digestive System
	1.4 Age-related Changes in the Intestinal Microbiota
	1.5 Development of the Immune Response: Gut-associated Lymphoid Tissue
	1.6 The Role of the Intestinal Flora in the Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients
	1.7 Caecotrophy
		1.7.1 Patterns of daily feed intake and soft faeces excretion
		1.7.2 Determination of soft faeces excretion and consumption
		1.7.3 Nutritional implications
	1.8 Methodological Implications of Caecotrophy on Physiological Research Work
		1.8.1 Weight and chemical composition of the organ contents
		1.8.2 Ileal digestibility
		1.8.3 Fermentation patterns
		1.8.4 Transit time
	1.9 Rate of Passage
	References
2 Digestion of Sugars and Starch
	2.1 Simple Sugars and
		2.1.1 Definition, structure and analysis
		2.1.2 Digestion
	2.2 Starch
		2.2.1 Definition, structure and analysis
		2.2.2 Digestion of starch in the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract
			Gastric digestion
			Intestinal digestion
			Caecal fermentation
		2.2.3 Factors affecting starch
			Age and starch in the diet
			Feed manufacturing process
			Enzyme supplementation
		2.2.4 Consequences of starch digestion on fermentative activity in the caeco-colic segment
		2.2.5 Role of starch on digestive health
			Suckling rabbits
			Growing rabbits
			Adult rabbits
	References
3 Protein Digestion
	3.1 Some Characteristics of the Main Protein Sources Included in Rabbit Diets
	3.2 Protein and Amino Acid Balance
		3.2.1 Crude protein and total amino acids
		3.2.2 Faecal digestibility
		3.2.3 Ileal digestibility
	3.3 Nitrogen Metabolism in the Caecum
	3.4 Protein Digestion in Young Rabbits
	3.5 Soft Faeces and Protein Digestibility
	References
4 Fat Digestion
	4.1 Chemical Structure and Physical Properties of Fats
	4.2 Fats in Rabbit Feeds
	4.3 Triglyceride Digestion and Utilization
	4.4 Effect of the Analytical Method on Digestibility Determination
	4.5 Effect of the Level and Source of Fat
	4.6 Effect of Age, Physiological State and Nutritive Level
	References
5 Fibre Digestion
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Dietary Fibre in Animal Feeds
		5.2.1 Plant cell wall and dietary fibre: definition
		5.2.2 Biochemical characteristics of dietary fibre
		5.2.3 Methods for estimating the dietary fibre content of animal feeds
		5.2.4 Physicochemical properties of fibre related to digestion: particle size
	5.3 Dietary Fibre Digestion by the Rabbit
		5.3.1 Fibre digestion before the hindgut
		5.3.2 Caecal digestion of fibre
			Microbial activity
			Fermentation time
			Digestion rate
			Fermentation pattern
	References
6 Energy and Protein Metabolism and Requirements
	6.1 Energy Units and their
		6.1.1 Gross energy
		6.1.2 Digestible energy
		6.1.3 Metabolizable energy
		6.1.4 Net energy
	6.2 Methods for Estimating Energy Requirements
	6.3 Energy Metabolism and Requirements
		6.3.1 Voluntary feed and energy intake
		6.3.2 Energy for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization
		6.3.3 Energy requirements for maintenance
		6.3.4 Energy requirements for growth
		6.3.5 Energy requirements for reproduction and lactation
		6.3.6 Pregnancy
		6.3.7 Lactation and concurrent pregnancy
		6.3.8 Energy and material balance during reproduction
		6.3.9 Nutritional strategies to reduce energy deficit
			Feeding young does
			Feeding reproducing does
		6.3.10 Management strategies
			Parity order
			Breeding rhythm
			Litter weaning age
	6.4 Protein Units and their Measurement
		6.4.1 Maintenance requirements
		6.4.2 Growth requirements
		6.4.3 Pregnancy and lactation requirements
		6.4.4 DP to DE ratio
	6.5 Amino Acid Requirements
	6.6 Protein Retention and Nitrogen Excretion
		6.6.1 Dietary protein level
		6.6.2 Dietary energy level and DP to DE ratio
		6.6.3 Numerical productivity of rabbit does and slaughter weight
	References
7 Minerals, Vitamins and Additives
	7.1 Mineral Requirements of Rabbits
		7.1.1 Macrominerals
			Calcium
			Phosphorus
			Other macrominerals
		7.1.2 Trace minerals
	7.2 Vitamin Requirements of Rabbits
		7.2.1 Fat-soluble vitamins
			Vitamin A
			Vitamin D
			Vitamin E
			Vitamin K
		7.2.2 Water-soluble vitamins
			Vitamin C
			B vitamins
	7.3 Additives
		7.3.1 Anticoccidial drugs
		7.3.2 Antibiotics and growth promoters
		7.3.3 Probiotics and prebiotics
		7.3.4 Organic acids
		7.3.5 Enzymes
	References
8 Feed Evaluation
	8.1 Units for Feed Evaluation
		8.1.1 Energy
		8.1.2 Protein and amino acids
		8.1.3 Fibre
	8.2 Methodology of Feed Evaluation
		8.2.1 Complete diets
		8.2.2 Feedstuffs
	8.3 Composition and Nutritive Value of Feedstuffs for Rabbits
	References
9 Influence of Diet on Rabbit Meat Quality
	9.1 Rabbit Meat Quality
		9.1.1 Definition of meat quality
		9.1.2 Nutritive value
		9.1.3 Sensory properties and processing characteristics
		9.1.4 Rabbit meat and its role as a functional food
	9.2 Influence of Dietary Factors on Meat Quality
		9.2.1 Effect of dietary energy and feed restriction
		9.2.2 Effect of dietary fibre content
		9.2.3 Effect of dietary protein
		9.2.4 Effect of dietary fat
			Changes in the n-3 and n-6 fatty acid profile
			Conjugated linoleic fatty acid
		9.2.5 Vitamin E
		9.2.6 Natural products with antioxidant effect
	9.3 Influence of Diet on Rabbit Meat Safety
	9.4 Rabbit Microbiome: Effect on Growth and Meat Quality
	Acknowledgement
	References
10 Nutrition and Feeding Strategy: Impacts on Health Status
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Health Status Assessment in Relation to Nutrient Intake
	10.3 Digestive Troubles Related to Nutrient Imbalances
		10.3.1 Recalls on digestive pathology of the growing rabbit
		10.3.2 Fibre and starch intake for the growing rabbit
			Fibre intake and hindgut microbial activity and physiopathology
			Fibre to starch ratio in the feed: relevance for nutritional recommendation of the growing rabbit
			Digestive health and the quantity and quality of lignocellulose
			Fibre fractions more digested than
			Potential roles of quickly fermentable polysaccharides
			Effect of the physico-chemical
			Dietary fibre for the doe and litters
			Dietary fibre recommendations to reduce the risk of digestive disorders in the weaned rabbit
		10.3.3 Protein level and quality
		10.3.4 Lipids
	10.4 Feed Intake Limitation and Digestive Pathology of the Growing Rabbit
	10.5 Feeding and Health of the Young Female and of the Doe
		10.5.1 Feeding and reproductive health of the young female
		10.5.2 Feeding and health of the adult reproducing female
		10.5.3 Interaction between female feeding and health of young before weaning
	10.6 Problems Associated with Dietary Compounds Present at Toxic Levels
		10.6.1 Minerals and vitamins
		10.6.2 Mycotoxins
	10.7 Water Quality and Pathology
	10.8 Additives Potentially Improving the Health Status of the Rabbit
		10.8.1 Exogenous enzymes and specific amino acid supplementation
		10.8.2 Other products: prebiotics, probiotics
			Effects of prebiotics
			Effects of probiotics
	References
11 Feed Manufacturing
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Raw Material Addition
		11.2.1 Premix addition
	11.3 Grinding
		11.3.1 Pre-grinding system
		11.3.2 Pre-milling system
		11.3.3 Particle size
	11.4 Mixing
	11.5 Liquid Addition
		11.5.1 Fats, oils and glycerol
		11.5.2 Molasses
		11.5.3 Amino acids
		11.5.4 Liquid flavours
		11.5.5 Enzymes
		11.5.6 Other considerations
	11.6 Pelleting
		11.6.1 Conditioning
		11.6.2 Pelleting
		11.6.3 Cooling
		11.6.4 Pellet quality
	11.7 Other Processing Methods
		11.7.1 Expansion
		11.7.2 Extrusion
	11.8 Feed Presentation
	11.9 Quality Control
	11.10 Raw Material and Feed Control
		11.10.1 Moisture
		11.10.2 Crude protein
		11.10.3 Crude fibre
		11.10.4 Ether extract
		11.10.5 Ash
		11.10.6 Microbiology
		11.10.7 Mycotoxins
		11.10.8 Analysis
	11.11 Pellet Quality
	11.12 Feed Labelling
	11.13 Processing Control
		11.13.1 Process controls
			Management responsibility
			Management of resources
			Work environment
			Identification and traceability
	11.14 Carry-over Control
	11.15 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
	References
12 Feed Formulation
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Level of Fibre
	12.3 Type of Fibre
	12.4 Fat Supplementation
	12.5 Level and Source of Protein
	12.6 Amino Acid Requirements
	12.7 Recommended Nutrient
	References
13 Feeding Behaviour of Rabbits
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 The Behaviour of Caecotrophy
	13.3 Feeding Behaviour in the Domestic Rabbit
		13.3.1 Feeding behaviour of the young rabbit: from milk to solid food
			Milk intake
			Solid food intake and evolution of nutrient and energy supply
			Regulation of feeding behaviour in young rabbits
		13.3.2 Feeding behaviour of the growing and adult rabbit
	13.4 External Factors Modulating the Feeding Behaviour of the Domestic Rabbit
		13.4.1 Feed composition and presentation form
			Environmental factors affecting the feeding behaviour of the rabbit
	13.5 Feeding Behaviour in Situations of Choice
		13.5.1 Feeding behaviour of the wild rabbit or the rabbit in an open situation (grazing)
		13.5.2 Free choice for the domestic caged rabbit
	13.6 Feeding Behaviour in a Situation of Feed Restriction
		13.6.1 Quantitative limitation
		13.6.2 Limitation of daily access to the feeder or drinker
			Restricted access to the feeder
			Restricted access to drinking water
	13.7 Conclusion
	References
14 Feeding Systems for Intensive Production
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Physical Presentation of the Diet
14.2.1 Diet presentation
		14.2.1 Diet presentation
		14.2.2 Pellet size and quality
	14.3 Feed Storage
	14.4 Number of Diets
	14.5 Feed and Water Intake
	14.6 Practical Feeding of the
		14.6.1 Young parent stock
		14.6.2 Males
		14.6.3 Lactating does and their young
		14.6.4 Weaned young
	14.7 Feed Conversion Ratio
		14.7.1 Definition of feed conversion ratio
		14.7.2 Feed conversion ratio as affected by age
		14.7.3 Diet concentration
		14.7.4 Impact of mortality
		14.7.5 Management
		14.7.6 Other factors involved in the feed conversion ratio
	References
15 Nutrition and Climatic Environment
	15.1 General Aspects of Environment
	15.2 Thermoneutral Zone
	15.3 Heat Stress
	15.4 Nutritional Value of Feedstuffs and Environment
	15.5 Nutrient Allowances and Environment
	15.6 Effect of Heat Stress on Breeding Does and Litters
	15.7 Effects of Heat Stress on Males
	15.8 Effect of Heat Stress on Growing Rabbits
	15.9 Rabbit Production in Hot Climates
	References
16 Nutritional Recommendations and Feeding Management of Angora Rabbits
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Nutritional Requirements
		16.2.1 Consequences of daily variations in wool production
		16.2.2 Nutrient recommendations
		16.2.3 Energy
		16.2.4 Protein
		16.2.5 Crude fibre
		16.2.6 Amino acids
			Lysine
			Methionine and cystine
			Other amino acids
		16.2.7 Minerals and vitamins
	16.3 Feeding Management
		16.3.1 Feed restriction
		16.3.2 One fasting day a week
	16.4 Conclusions
	References
17 Pet Rabbit Feeding and Nutrition
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Feeding Management
		17.2.1 General considerations
		17.2.2 Feeding guide
		17.2.3 Housing
		17.2.4 Feeding equipment
	17.3 Physiology/Anatomical Considerations
		17.3.1 Caecotrophy
		17.3.2 Digestive efficiency
	17.4 Raw Materials
		17.4.1 General considerations
		17.4.2 Raw material groups
			Succulents
			Roughages
			Concentrates
			Compounds
		17.4.3 Water
	17.5 Nutrient Requirements
		17.5.1 Protein
		17.5.2 Fibre
		17.5.3 Fat
		17.5.4 Starch and energy
		17.5.5 Vitamins and minerals
			Vitamins
			Minerals
		17.5.6 Suggested diet specifications
		17.5.7 Nutritional ailments
	17.6 Conclusions
	References
18 Feeding and Nutrition of Laboratory Rabbits
	18.1 The Rabbit as an Experimental Model
	18.2 General Comments on the Nutrition of Laboratory Animals
	18.3 Feeding and Nutrition of Laboratory Rabbits
		18.3.1 Feeding technique and level
	18.4 Digestive Problems and Nutritional Toxicoses in Laboratory Rabbits
		18.4.1 Problems with digestion
		18.4.2 Feed toxicity
		18.4.3 Mycotoxicoses
	18.5 Feeding and Animal Welfare
	References
Index
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