Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease

A Dietary Records......Page 1
B 24-Hour Dietary Recall......Page 3
C Food Frequency......Page 5
D Brief Dietary Assessment Instruments......Page 8
2 Brief Instruments Assessing Fat Intake......Page 9
4 Limitations of Brief Instruments......Page 10
E Diet History......Page 11
III Dietary Assessment in Different Study Designs......Page 12
A Cross-Sectional Surveys......Page 13
B Case–Control \0刀攀琀爀漀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 Studies......Page 14
D Intervention Studies......Page 15
A Respondents Unable to Self-Report......Page 16
B Ethnic Populations......Page 17
C Children......Page 18
D Elderly......Page 19
A Cognitive Testing Research Related to Dietary Assessment......Page 20
B Validation/Calibration Studies......Page 21
D Estimation of Portion Size......Page 22
E Choice of Nutrient and Food Database......Page 23
F Choice of Dietary Analysis Software......Page 24
G Estimating Usual Intakes of Nutrients and Foods......Page 25
References......Page 26
3 Assess Nutrient–Nutrient and Nutrient–Drug Interactions......Page 43
D Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use......Page 44
E Patterns of Dietary Supplement Use among the Ill......Page 45
1 Inpatient Settings......Page 46
2 Outpatient Settings......Page 48
3 National Cancer Institute’s Diet and Health Questionnaire: A Public-Use Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire......Page 49
4 Other Instruments for Assessing Dietary Supplement Intake in Epidemiological Studies......Page 50
1 NHANES Label Database......Page 52
1 University of Minnesota Dietary Supplement Module......Page 53
B Dietary Supplement Label: Claims......Page 54
D National Cancer Institute......Page 56
I Canadian Government Resources......Page 57
References......Page 60
A Medical History and the Nutrition-Oriented Review of Systems......Page 61
1 Height......Page 62
2 Weight......Page 63
4 Body Fat Distribution......Page 64
III Body Composition Assessment......Page 65
IV Physical Manifestations of Malnutrition......Page 66
B Skin......Page 67
C Cardiovascular System......Page 69
F Musculoskeletal System......Page 71
V Functional Assessment......Page 72
References......Page 73
a Body Size......Page 76
c Gender......Page 77
2 Adjustment of Resting Energy Expenditure for Differences in Body Size......Page 78
3 Measuring Resting Energy Expenditure: Indirect Calorimetry......Page 79
B Thermic Effect of Food......Page 80
ii Activity Monitors......Page 81
2 Doubly Labeled Water......Page 82
b Advantages and Disadvantages of The DLW Technique......Page 83
D Use of DLW to Estimate Energy Intake......Page 84
References......Page 85
II Broad Research Areas......Page 91
A Broad Research Areas Example......Page 92
A Steps to Achieve Evidence-Based Practice......Page 93
B Examples of Evidence-Based Practice in Nutrition......Page 94
IV Translational Research......Page 95
References......Page 96
I Introduction......Page 98
B Multifactorial Nature of Chronic Diseases......Page 99
A Food Frequency Questionnaires......Page 100
B Measures of Short-Term Dietary Intake: Food Recalls and Records......Page 101
C Vitamin/Mineral Supplement Assessment......Page 102
III Study Designs Used in Nutritional Epidemiology......Page 103
3 Cohort Studies......Page 104
IV Interpretation of Cause and Effect in Nutritional Epidemiology......Page 105
B Confounding......Page 106
A Assessing the Reliability and Validity of Measures of Dietary Intake......Page 107
3 Measurement Error Specific to Food Records/Recalls......Page 108
1 Observational Studies......Page 110
2 Limitations of Clinical Trials of Dietary Intake and Disease Risk......Page 111
References......Page 112
A Preparation for Analysis......Page 116
C Computer-Based Analysis......Page 117
E Factors Affecting Food Composition Databases......Page 119
F Total Diet Analysis......Page 120
III Presentation of Data......Page 121
B Data Validity......Page 123
2 Underreporting......Page 124
5 Foods Most Often Underreported......Page 125
6 Identifying Underreporters......Page 126
V Conclusion......Page 127
References......Page 128
I The Importance of Understanding Influences on Dietary Behavior......Page 132
III Explanatory and Change Theories......Page 133
C Implications of Counseling for Gradual Change or Very Strict Diets......Page 134
A Social Cognitive Theory......Page 135
B Stages of Change......Page 136
C Consumer Information Processing......Page 137
F Social Ecological Model......Page 138
VI Findings Regarding Applications of Theory to Nutritional Behavior......Page 139
A The Patient’s View of the World: Perceptions, Cognitions, Emotions, and Habits......Page 140
2 Intention Versus Action......Page 141
VIII Implications and Opportunities......Page 142
References......Page 143
B Recruitment......Page 147
C Health Belief Model......Page 148
A Women’s Health Initiative......Page 149
B The Diet Intervention Study in Children......Page 150
C Motivational Intervention Method......Page 151
c Affirm......Page 152
e Elicit Change Statements......Page 154
b Ask Key Questions......Page 155
D The Modification of Diet and Renal Disease Study......Page 156
References......Page 157
II The Nutrition Education and Counseling Process......Page 159
3 Culture......Page 160
B Domains of Learning......Page 161
A Assessing Learning Needs......Page 162
C Educational Methods......Page 163
1 Meal Planning Tools......Page 164
2 Skills Training......Page 165
A Stages of Change......Page 166
2 Consciousness Raising......Page 168
1 A Case of Contemplation......Page 170
b Assess Importance and Confidence......Page 171
4 FRAMES Strategy......Page 172
a Questions to Facilitate Goal Setting......Page 173
2 Self-Management Skills Training......Page 174
2 Problem-Solving Skills and Coping Strategies......Page 175
H Social Support......Page 176
References......Page 177
A Formative Evaluation......Page 180
A Types of Outcomes or End Points Used to Assess Intervention Effectiveness......Page 181
IV Design of Nutrition Intervention Evaluations......Page 182
3 Comparison Group......Page 183
2 Calculating the Simple Intervention Effect......Page 184
C Statistical Power......Page 185
B Reliability......Page 186
F Instrument Complexity......Page 187
B Self-Reported Dietary Behavior......Page 188
1 Nutrients from Foods Actually Consumed......Page 189
2 Nutrients from Foods Usually Consumed......Page 190
b Prediction Equations......Page 191
4 Diet-Related Psychosocial Factors......Page 192
C Environmental and Surrogate Measures of Diet......Page 193
References......Page 194
II Biomarkers of Dietary Intake or Exposure......Page 198
C Biomarkers of Other Dietary Exposures......Page 199
D Biomarkers as General Dietary Indicators......Page 202
A Biomarkers of Enzyme Function......Page 204
B Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress......Page 206
E Biomarkers of Cell Turnover......Page 207
IV Biomarkers of Genetic Susceptibility......Page 208
VI Criteria for Selecting and Using Biomarkers......Page 209
VII Summary......Page 210
References......Page 211
A Overview......Page 215
C Dietary Reference Intake for Safety: The Tolerable Upper Intake Level......Page 216
1 Adequacy......Page 217
2 Risk of Excessive Intake......Page 218
A Overview......Page 219
1 Balancing Calories to Manage Weight......Page 220
b Sources of Calories......Page 221
c Physical Activity Guidelines......Page 222
a Foods and Food Components to Reduce......Page 224
3 Building Healthy Eating Patterns......Page 225
A MyPlate and Related Nutrition Education Materials......Page 226
a Nutrition Facts Panel......Page 227
V Conclusion......Page 229
References......Page 230
A Scientific Limits and Policy Issues......Page 232
1 Structure–Function Claims......Page 233
2 Disease Claims......Page 234
3 Health Claims......Page 235
B Nutritional Relationships between Chronic Undernutrition and Systemic Disease......Page 237
C Effect Size......Page 239
D Response Characteristic......Page 240
G Ethics......Page 241
1 A Global Index......Page 242
3 Investigative Interference......Page 244
4 The Non-Concurrent Cohort Design......Page 245
References......Page 246
B Transport and Tissue Uptake......Page 248
C Metabolism......Page 249
B Dietary Requirements......Page 250
D Consequences of Dietary Choline Deficiency in Humans......Page 251
1 Choline Deficiency Inhibits Cell Proliferation......Page 252
a Epigenetic Mechanisms Regulate Gene Expression......Page 253
d Choline Deficiency Alters Epigenetic Status in Fetal Brain......Page 254
A Molecular and Functional Changes......Page 255
References......Page 256
II Energy Requirements for Athletes......Page 262
B Energy Balance in Different Activities......Page 263
1 What is the Role of Body Composition?......Page 264
A Carbohydrate......Page 265
1 Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate Intake......Page 266
3 Carbohydrate Loading \0匀甀瀀攀爀挀漀洀瀀攀渀猀愀琀椀漀渀......Page 267
B Fat......Page 268
C Protein......Page 269
B Minerals......Page 270
V Fluid Requirements for Athletes......Page 271
B Dehydration and Heat Illness......Page 272
3 After Exercise......Page 273
References......Page 274
I Introduction......Page 277
A Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth......Page 278
C Spina Bifida and Other Birth Defects......Page 279
D Fetal Alcohol Syndrome......Page 280
III The Functional Approach to Nutrition Assessment for Children with Special Needs......Page 281
A Measuring Growth......Page 282
C Considering Medical Conditions......Page 285
1 Principles of Medical Nutrition Therapy......Page 286
4 Supplying Restricted Amino Acids......Page 287
B Prader–Willi Syndrome......Page 288
C Dietary Interventions for Children with Feeding Problems......Page 289
1 Definition and Etiology......Page 290
2 Gastrointestinal Issues......Page 291
3 Nutrition Issues......Page 292
V Conclusion......Page 293
References......Page 294
I Introduction......Page 298
A Antioxidant Usage and Measures of Oxidative Stress......Page 301
B Reactive Oxygen Species and Normal Physiology......Page 302
II Antioxidants in Disease Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment......Page 303
a β-Carotene......Page 305
3 Follow-Up Examinations of Existing Studies......Page 306
4 Antioxidant Combinations......Page 307
1 Targets of Antioxidant-Related Disease Protection......Page 308
2 Clinical Trial Interventions for CVD Amelioration......Page 309
C Polymorphism: An Additional Risk Factor in Cancer......Page 310
D Antioxidants: Prevention Versus Treatment in Clinical Applications......Page 312
III Overall Conclusion and Discussion......Page 313
References......Page 314
B Nutrition and Other Aspects of Vision......Page 319
C Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Eye Health throughout the Life Span......Page 320
A Causes......Page 324
C Carbohydrates......Page 325
D Antioxidants......Page 326
A Overview......Page 327
C Healthy Diets......Page 328
D Antioxidants......Page 329
E Lutein and Zeaxanthin......Page 330
F Zinc and Other Metals......Page 331
G Dietary Fat......Page 332
I Glycemic Index......Page 334
C Dietary Fat, Fiber, and Sodium......Page 335
E Antioxidants......Page 336
G Other Dietary Factors......Page 337
V Overall Summary......Page 338
References......Page 339
I Introduction......Page 350
II Gender Differences in Dementia......Page 351
A Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 352
C Relationship to Lesions......Page 353
V Age–Alzheimer’s Disease Parallels......Page 354
B Curcumin......Page 355
D Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 356
E Putative Signaling Mechanisms Involved in Polyphenol Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation......Page 357
3 Primary Hippocampal Cells......Page 358
References......Page 359
A Development of Adipose Tissue......Page 368
B Role of Adipose Tissue in Energy Metabolism......Page 369
III Obesity-Related Cancers......Page 371
B Breast Cancer......Page 372
IV Phytochemicals in Obesity and Its Related Cancers......Page 373
A Curcumin......Page 374
B Resveratrol......Page 376
D Soy Phytoestrogens......Page 377
V Conclusion......Page 378
References......Page 379
A Dietary Phytochemicals......Page 384
B Definition of Bioavailability......Page 385
A Polyphenols......Page 387
2 Flavonoids......Page 388
1 Absorption......Page 389
2 Metabolism and Excretion......Page 390
A Classes of Lipid-Soluble Phytochemicals......Page 393
1 Bioavailability and Metabolism of Carotenoids......Page 394
3 Bioavailability and Metabolism of Curcuminoids......Page 396
References......Page 397
II Genetic Epidemiology of Human Obesity......Page 401
A Mapping of Loci in Animals......Page 402
1 Association Studies of Candidate Genes in Humans......Page 403
2 Copy Number Variants......Page 404
V Gene–Environment Interactions......Page 405
VII The Leptin–Melanocortin Pathway......Page 406
B Mutations in the Melanocortin System......Page 408
VIII Association of Susceptibility Genes with Obesity Phenotypes......Page 409
IX Rare Genetic Syndromes with Obesity as a Prominent Feature......Page 412
A Diagnosis of Obesity Disorders......Page 413
References......Page 414
II Assessment of Overweight and Obesity......Page 419
1 Body Mass Index......Page 420
B Assessment of Co-morbidities and Risk Factors......Page 421
D Selecting Treatment Options......Page 422
1 Creating an Energy Deficit......Page 423
3 Meal Replacements......Page 424
4 Macronutrient Composition......Page 425
C Behavior Modification......Page 426
A Background......Page 427
C Medications Approved for Short-Term Use in Weight Loss......Page 428
1 Orlistat......Page 429
VI Special Issues in the Treatment of Pediatric Obesity......Page 430
VIII The Future of Weight Management......Page 433
References......Page 434
A Mechanisms of Action......Page 439
1 Restrictive Surgeries......Page 440
A Overview......Page 441
V The Role of Preoperative Weight Loss......Page 442
2 Full Liquid Diet......Page 443
D Dumping Syndrome......Page 444
a Thiamin......Page 445
b Iron......Page 446
d Calcium and Vitamin D......Page 447
e Vitamins A, E, and K......Page 448
2 Macronutrients......Page 449
IX Conclusions......Page 450
References......Page 451
I Introduction......Page 453
A Prevalence of Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Adults......Page 454
C Sedentary Behavior......Page 455
F Social Support......Page 457
2 Access and Environmental Factors and the “Built Environment”......Page 458
B Underreporting of Food Intake......Page 459
D Eating Away from Home and Fast Food......Page 460
F Food Marketing......Page 461
2 Dieting Behaviors and Dietary Restraint......Page 462
4 Family Influences on Dietary Intake and Eating Practices......Page 463
IV Summary and Public Health Recommendations......Page 464
References......Page 467
B Portion Size......Page 474
F Type of Food......Page 475
III Types of Snacks Consumed......Page 476
A Possible Explanations for the Inconsistent Findings between Snacking and BMI......Page 477
VII The Role of Snacks in a Healthy Diet......Page 480
B Nutrient Composition of Snacks......Page 481
D Food Form......Page 482
References......Page 483
I Introduction......Page 489
A Exogenous Lipoprotein Pathway......Page 491
II Representative Genome-Wide Association Studies......Page 492
III Development of Cardiovascular Score......Page 495
References......Page 508
A Cardiovascular Risk Factors......Page 511
B The Role of Nutrition in Cardiovascular Disease......Page 512
1 Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet......Page 513
2 DASH Diet......Page 514
3 Vegetarian Diets......Page 515
4 Mediterranean Diet......Page 516
III Dietary Fat......Page 517
A Saturated Fatty Acids......Page 518
1 Industrial Trans Fatty Acids......Page 520
3 Ruminant versus Industrial Trans Fatty Acids......Page 521
D Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 522
C Dietary Carbohydrate and CVD Risk......Page 528
V Dietary Protein......Page 529
VII Conclusions......Page 530
References......Page 531
I Introduction......Page 538
a Observational Studies......Page 539
b Interventional Studies......Page 540
c Salt Sensitivity......Page 541
a Observational Studies......Page 542
b Interventional Studies......Page 543
a Observational Studies......Page 544
b Interventional Studies......Page 545
3 Carbohydrates......Page 546
b Interventional Studies......Page 547
A Dietary Patterns......Page 548
1 The DASH Dietary Pattern......Page 549
B Weight Reduction and Multi-Lifestyle Modification......Page 550
2 INTERVENTIONAL Studies......Page 551
V Summary......Page 552
Getting Started with DASH......Page 554
References......Page 559
A Obesity......Page 565
B Diabetes Mellitus......Page 566
B Fetal Origins of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity......Page 568
D Visceral Obesity, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance: Major Predictors of Diabetes......Page 569
F Metabolic Alterations in Obesity that Predispose to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 570
3 Inflammation and Insulin Resistance......Page 571
H Improvement in Insulin Sensitivity with Weight Loss and Energy Intake Restriction......Page 573
References......Page 574
I Introduction......Page 581
II Diagnostic Criteria and Diabetes Categories......Page 582
A Prevention of Diabetes......Page 583
B Diabetes Treatment......Page 585
1 Type 1 Diabetes......Page 586
IV Approaches to Reduce Complications......Page 588
C Carbohydrates......Page 589
References......Page 591
A Prevalence......Page 595
C Dietary Risk Factors......Page 596
A Oral Glucose Tolerance Test......Page 597
IV Nutrition Management......Page 598
B Caloric Requirements......Page 599
1 Total Carbohydrate Intake......Page 600
3 Type of Carbohydrate......Page 601
D Fat......Page 602
G Nutrient Intake Summary......Page 603
B Food Records......Page 604
VII Physical Activity......Page 605
References......Page 606
II Background and Definitions......Page 609
1 Carcinogen Metabolism......Page 611
2 Metabolism of Nutrients and Other Food Components......Page 612
1 Mutations and Metastasis......Page 613
IV Methodological Issues......Page 614
C Cellular Differentiation......Page 617
VI Future Directions......Page 618
References......Page 619
1 Height, Weight, and Body Fat Distribution......Page 621
2 Dietary Composition......Page 623
1 Obesity and Overweight......Page 625
2 Dietary Composition......Page 626
1 Height, Weight, and Body Fat Distribution......Page 627
IV Ovarian Cancer......Page 628
2 Dietary Composition......Page 629
References......Page 630
B Pathology and Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer......Page 637
B Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer......Page 638
B Dietary Factors that Increase Risk......Page 639
a Processed and Red Meat......Page 640
a Energy......Page 641
c Calcium......Page 642
a Obesity, Weight, and Height......Page 643
b Fruits......Page 644
a Vitamin D......Page 645
c Carotenoids 눀ⴀ䌀愀爀漀琀攀渀攀 愀渀搀 䰀礀挀漀瀀攀渀攀......Page 647
a Physical Activity......Page 649
V Conclusions and Implications for Prevention and Treatment......Page 650
References......Page 651
I Introduction......Page 660
A Proposed Mechanisms for Influencing Cancer Risk......Page 661
C Human Studies......Page 662
A Proposed Mechanisms for Influencing Cancer Risk......Page 663
C Human Studies......Page 664
A Proposed Mechanisms for Influencing Cancer Risk......Page 665
B Animal Studies......Page 666
A Proposed Mechanisms for Influencing Cancer Risk......Page 667
B Animal Studies......Page 668
B Animal Studies......Page 669
C Human Studies......Page 670
References......Page 671
II Distribution and Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microflora......Page 679
A Colonization and Succession......Page 681
C Factors Influencing Bacterial Colonization and Succession......Page 683
D Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids......Page 684
F Conversion of Isoflavones......Page 685
B Molecular Analysis of the Human Intestinal Microflora......Page 686
A Can Diet Alter the Intestinal Microflora?......Page 687
1 Probiotics......Page 688
2 Prebiotics......Page 691
References......Page 692
A Characteristics of IBD......Page 699
B Inflammatory Response in IBD......Page 700
E Surgical Treatment of IBD......Page 701
1 Goals of Medical Nutrition Therapy......Page 702
5 Emerging Nutrients Therapies and Bioactives......Page 703
I Nutrition in IBD Remission......Page 704
B Causes......Page 705
F Medical Management of SBS......Page 706
1 Jejunal Resections with Intact Ileum and Colon......Page 707
2 Ileal Resections......Page 708
J Medical Nutrition Therapy in SBS......Page 709
3 Fish Oil......Page 710
References......Page 711
II Lactose in the Diet......Page 717
IV Loss of Lactase Activity......Page 718
A Genetic Testing......Page 719
C Indirect Assessment Methods for Lactose Maldigestion......Page 720
VII Lactose Digestion, Calcium, and Osteoporosis......Page 722
A Dose–Response to Lactose......Page 723
B Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Transit of Lactose......Page 724
E Unfermented Acidophilus Milk......Page 725
G Colonic Fermentation and Colonic Bacterial Adaptation of Lactose......Page 726
References......Page 728
II Symptoms of Celiac Disease......Page 733
1 Musculoskeletal System......Page 734
3 Reproductive System......Page 735
D Associated Conditions......Page 736
E Asymptomatic Form......Page 737
3 Tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies......Page 738
B The Intestinal Biopsy......Page 739
IV Treatment of Celiac Disease with A Gluten-Free Diet......Page 740
V Management of the Complications of Celiac Disease......Page 741
References......Page 743
B Pathogenesis......Page 747
D Consequences of Malnutrition......Page 748
1 Increased Losses......Page 749
1 Energy and Macronutrients......Page 750
3 Fat-Soluble Vitamins......Page 751
III Nutrition Assessment......Page 752
C Clinical Assessment......Page 754
IV Nutrition Management......Page 755
2 Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy......Page 756
b Enzyme Administration......Page 757
a Human Milk Versus Formula......Page 758
3 Enzyme Dose and Administration......Page 759
b School Age \0㐠ጀ㄀　 夀攀愀爀猀......Page 760
a Oral Supplements......Page 761
b Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease......Page 762
References......Page 763
I Introduction......Page 769
2 Vitamin D3 Synthesis in Skin......Page 770
3 Conversion of Cholecalciferol and Ergocalciferol to 25-Hydroxyvitamin D......Page 771
4 Renal Conversion to the Active Metabolite: Endocrine Pathway of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Synthesis and Use......Page 772
5 Extrarenal Conversion to the Active Metabolite: Paracrine/Autocrine Pathway of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Synthesis and Use......Page 774
B Inactivation and Excretion of Vitamin D......Page 775
B Supplement Sources of Vitamin D......Page 776
C Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in the U.S. Population......Page 777
D Sun Exposure as a Source of Vitamin D......Page 778
2 Classification of Vitamin D Status by Serum 25\0伀䠀D......Page 780
3 Issues Related to 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Measurement......Page 782
2 Osteoporosis......Page 783
1 Vitamin D and Cancer Prevention......Page 785
3 Vitamin D and Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 787
A Institute of Medicine Recommended Intake Values for Vitamin D, 2011......Page 788
1 Recommendations of the Endocrine Society, 2011......Page 789
4 Recommendations for Pregnancy and Lactation......Page 790
B Vitamin D Intoxication......Page 791
References......Page 792
II Acquiring Peak Bone Mass and Bone Strength......Page 796
A Relatively Low BMD during Puberty......Page 797
A Limitation in Methodology......Page 799
1 Milk and Milk Products......Page 801
C Individual Nutrients and Bone Health......Page 802
b Calcium and Body Mass Index......Page 803
c Evidence For Relationship To Bone......Page 804
b Evidence For A Relationship To Bone......Page 808
c Safety Of High Doses......Page 809
References......Page 811
I Introduction......Page 815
A Bone Cells......Page 816
C Remodeling: The Key to Understanding Age-Related Bone Loss......Page 818
III Adult Bone Maintenance......Page 819
1 Habitual Physical Activity......Page 820
b Calcium......Page 821
e Sodium......Page 823
IV Diagnosis of Osteoporosis......Page 824
A Beyond BMD: The Question of Bone Quality......Page 825
2 Dietary Factors......Page 826
B Pharmacologic Therapy......Page 827
c Selective Estradiol Receptor Modulators......Page 828
e Calcitonin......Page 829
VI Conclusion......Page 830
References......Page 831
Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease......Page 836
Copyright page......Page 837
Preface......Page 838
Contributors......Page 840
Appendix: Dietary Reference Intakes \0䐀刀䤀猀......Page 843
Index......Page 852