Nutrition for Health & Health Care (4th Edition)

Cover Page\n......Page 1
Title Page\n......Page 5
Copyright Page\n......Page 7
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 9
BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 10
CONTENTS......Page 12
PREFACE......Page 19
CHAPTER 1: Overview of Nutrition and Health......Page 24
Food Choices......Page 26
kCalories: A Measure of Energy......Page 29
Dietary Reference Intakes......Page 31
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)......Page 32
National Health Goals......Page 33
Dietary Ideals......Page 35
Dietary Guidelines for Americans......Page 36
Fitness Guidelines......Page 38
The USDA Food Guide......Page 40
MyPyramid......Page 46
The Ingredient List......Page 47
Nutrition Facts Panel......Page 48
Claims on Labels......Page 49
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Finding the Truth about Nutrition......Page 56
CHAPTER 2: Digestion and Absorption......Page 60
The Digestive Organs......Page 61
The Involuntary Muscles and the Glands......Page 62
Digestion in the Stomach......Page 67
Digestion in the Small and Large Intestines......Page 68
The Small Intestine......Page 69
The Vascular System......Page 71
The Lymphatic System......Page 72
Transport of Lipids: Lipoproteins......Page 73
The System at Its Best......Page 75
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Food Safety......Page 77
CHAPTER 3: Carbohydrates......Page 86
Monosaccharides......Page 87
Polysaccharides......Page 88
Health Effects of Sugars and Alternative Sweeteners......Page 90
Sugars......Page 91
Alternative Sweeteners: Artificial Sweeteners......Page 95
Carbohydrates: Disease Prevention and Recommendations......Page 100
Carbohydrates: Food Sources......Page 103
Carbohydrates: Food Labels and Health Claims......Page 105
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE The Glycemic Index in Nutrition Practice......Page 109
CHAPTER 4: Lipids......Page 114
Roles of Body Fat......Page 115
Triglycerides......Page 116
Fatty Acids......Page 117
Phospholipids......Page 119
Sterols......Page 120
Fats and Heart Health......Page 121
Recommendations......Page 124
Finding the Fats in Foods......Page 125
Cutting Fat Intake and Choosing Unsaturated Fats......Page 127
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Figuring Out Fats......Page 134
CHAPTER 5: Protein......Page 142
The Structure of Proteins......Page 143
Essential Amino Acids......Page 144
Roles of Body Proteins......Page 145
As Enzymes......Page 146
As Antibodies......Page 147
As a Source of Energy and Glucose......Page 148
Protein-Energy Malnutrition......Page 149
Protein Excess......Page 152
Protein and Amino Acid Supplements......Page 153
Protein Quality......Page 154
Protein on Food Labels......Page 156
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Vegetarian Diets......Page 159
CHAPTER 6: Energy Balance and Body Composition......Page 164
The Economics of Feasting......Page 165
The Economics of Fasting......Page 166
Energy In......Page 168
Energy Out......Page 169
Estimating Energy Requirements......Page 170
Defining Healthy Body Weight......Page 173
Body Composition......Page 175
How Much Body Fat Is Too Much?......Page 177
Health Risks of Obesity......Page 178
National Guidelines for Identifying Those at Risk from Obesity......Page 179
Other Risks of Obesity......Page 180
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Fad Diets......Page 184
CHAPTER 7: Weight Management: Overweight and Underweight......Page 190
Genetics and Weight......Page 191
Environmental Stimuli......Page 193
Obesity Treatment: Who Should Lose?......Page 195
Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements......Page 196
Obesity Drugs......Page 198
Reasonable Strategies for Weight Loss......Page 199
A Healthful Eating Plan......Page 200
Physical Activity......Page 203
Behavior and Attitude......Page 205
Energy-Dense Foods......Page 209
Juice and Milk......Page 210
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Eating Disorders......Page 215
CHAPTER 8: The Vitamins......Page 223
Precursors......Page 224
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins......Page 225
Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene......Page 226
Vitamin D......Page 230
Vitamin E......Page 233
Vitamin K......Page 234
The B Vitamins......Page 237
Thiamin......Page 238
Niacin......Page 239
Vitamin B6......Page 240
Folate......Page 241
Vitamin B12......Page 242
Vitamin C......Page 244
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Phytochemicals and Functional Foods......Page 252
CHAPTER 9: Water and the Minerals......Page 260
Water Balance......Page 261
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance......Page 264
The Major Minerals......Page 265
Sodium......Page 266
Chloride......Page 267
Potassium......Page 268
Calcium......Page 269
Phosphorus......Page 273
Magnesium......Page 274
Iron......Page 275
Zinc......Page 280
Selenium......Page 282
Copper......Page 283
Fluoride......Page 284
Other Trace Minerals......Page 285
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Vitamin and Mineral Supplements......Page 290
CHAPTER 10: Nutrition through the Life Span: Pregnancy and Infancy......Page 294
Prepregnancy Weight......Page 295
Healthy Support Tissues......Page 296
The Events of Pregnancy......Page 297
Nutrient Needs during Pregnancy......Page 299
Food Assistance Programs......Page 305
Weight Gain......Page 306
Weight Loss after Pregnancy......Page 307
Physical Activity......Page 308
Common Nutrition-Related Concerns of Pregnancy......Page 309
Problems in Pregnancy......Page 310
Practices to Avoid......Page 311
Adolescent Pregnancy......Page 314
Nutrition during Lactation......Page 315
Contraindications to Breastfeeding......Page 316
Nutrient Needs during Infancy......Page 318
Breast Milk......Page 320
Infant Formula......Page 323
Introducing First Foods......Page 325
Mealtimes......Page 327
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Encouraging Successful Breastfeeding......Page 335
CHAPTER 11: Nutrition through the Life Span: Childhood and Adolescence......Page 339
Energy and Nutrient Needs......Page 340
Hunger and Malnutrition in Children......Page 344
Lead Poisoning in Children......Page 345
Food Allergy......Page 348
Hyperactivity......Page 349
Childhood Obesity......Page 350
Mealtimes at Home......Page 355
Nutrition at School......Page 359
Nutrition during Adolescence......Page 361
Energy and Nutrient Needs......Page 362
Food Choices and Health Habits......Page 363
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Childhood Obesity and the Early Development of Chronic Diseases......Page 370
CHAPTER 12: Nutrition through the Life Span: Later Adulthood......Page 376
Nutrition and Longevity......Page 377
Slowing the Aging Process......Page 378
Nutrition and Disease Prevention......Page 380
Arthritis......Page 381
The Aging Brain......Page 382
Energy and Energy Nutrients......Page 384
Vitamins and Minerals......Page 386
Nutrient Supplements for Older Adults......Page 387
The Effects of Drugs on Nutrients......Page 388
Food Choices and Eating Habits of Older Adults......Page 389
Food Assistance Programs......Page 390
Meals for Singles......Page 391
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Hunger and Community Nutrition......Page 398
CHAPTER 13: Nutrition Care and Assessment......Page 404
How Illness Affects Nutrition Status......Page 405
Responsibility for Nutrition Care......Page 406
Identifying Risk for Malnutrition......Page 407
The Nutrition Care Process......Page 408
Historical Information......Page 410
Dietary Assessment Methods......Page 411
Anthropometric Data......Page 414
Biochemical Analyses......Page 417
Physical Examinations......Page 420
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Nutritional Genomics......Page 425
CHAPTER 14: Nutrition Intervention and Diet-Drug Interactions......Page 429
Care Planning......Page 430
Approaches To Nutrition Care......Page 432
Determining Energy Requirements......Page 433
Modified Diets......Page 434
Variations in the Diet Order......Page 438
Improving Food Intake......Page 439
Food Selection......Page 440
Food Safety......Page 441
Drug Effects on Nutrient Absorption......Page 442
Drug Effects on Nutrient Metabolism......Page 444
Dietary Effects on Drug Excretion......Page 445
Diet-Drug Interactions and Toxicity......Page 446
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Complementary and Alternative Therapies......Page 450
CHAPTER 15: Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support......Page 458
Enteral Formulas......Page 459
Enteral Nutrition in Clinical Care......Page 462
Administration of Tube Feedings......Page 466
Medication Delivery through Feeding Tubes......Page 469
Transition to Table Foods......Page 470
Venous Access......Page 473
Parenteral Solutions......Page 474
Administering Parenteral Nutrition......Page 477
Managing Metabolic Complications......Page 479
Nutrition Support at Home......Page 480
Planning Home Nutrition Care......Page 481
Quality-of-Life Issues......Page 482
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Inborn Errors of Metabolism......Page 487
CHAPTER 16: Nutrition in Metabolic and Respiratory Stress......Page 491
The Body’s Responses to Stress and Injury......Page 492
Hormonal Responses to Stress......Page 493
The Inflammatory Response......Page 494
Nutrition Treatment of Acute Stress......Page 495
Determining Nutritional Requirements......Page 496
Approaches to Nutrition Care in Acute Stress......Page 498
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 499
Respiratory Failure......Page 503
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome......Page 508
CHAPTER 17: Nutrition and Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders......Page 511
Dysphagia......Page 512
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease......Page 516
Nausea and Vomiting......Page 519
Peptic Ulcer Disease......Page 520
Gastric Surgery......Page 522
Gastrectomy......Page 523
Bariatric Surgery......Page 526
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Nutrition and Oral Health......Page 532
CHAPTER 18: Nutrition and Lower Gastrointestinal Disorders......Page 536
Constipation......Page 537
Intestinal Gas......Page 538
Diarrhea......Page 539
Fat Malabsorption......Page 541
Bacterial Overgrowth......Page 542
Conditions Affecting the Pancreas......Page 545
Pancreatitis......Page 546
Cystic Fibrosis......Page 547
Celiac Disease......Page 548
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases......Page 550
Short Bowel Syndrome......Page 554
Irritable Bowel Syndrome......Page 556
Diverticular Disease of the Colon......Page 557
Colostomies and Ileostomies......Page 558
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Probiotics and Intestinal Health......Page 564
CHAPTER 19: Nutrition and Liver Diseases......Page 567
Hepatitis......Page 568
Cirrhosis......Page 570
Consequences of Cirrhosis......Page 571
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cirrhosis......Page 574
Posttransplantation Concerns......Page 578
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Alcohol in Health and Disease......Page 582
CHAPTER 20: Nutrition and Diabetes Mellitus......Page 585
Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus......Page 586
Types of Diabetes Mellitus......Page 587
Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus......Page 589
Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus......Page 591
Treatment Goals......Page 592
Evaluating Diabetes Treatment......Page 593
Medical Nutrition Therapy: Nutrient Recommendations......Page 594
Medical Nutrition Therapy: Meal-Planning Strategies......Page 596
Insulin Therapy......Page 599
Antidiabetic Drugs......Page 601
Physical Activity and Diabetes Management......Page 602
Sick-Day Management......Page 603
Gestational Diabetes......Page 605
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Metabolic Syndrome......Page 610
CHAPTER 21: Nutrition and Disorders of the Heart and Blood Vessels......Page 614
Atherosclerosis......Page 615
Causes of Atherosclerosis......Page 616
Evaluating Risk for Coronary Heart Disease......Page 618
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes for Lowering CHD Risk......Page 619
Lifestyle Changes for Hypertriglyceridemia......Page 623
Vitamin Supplementation and CHD Risk......Page 625
Drug Therapies for CHD Prevention......Page 626
Hypertension......Page 627
Factors That Influence Blood Pressure......Page 628
Treatment of Hypertension......Page 629
Consequences of Heart Failure......Page 633
Medical Management of Heart Failure......Page 634
Stroke Management......Page 635
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Helping People with Feeding Disabilities......Page 640
CHAPTER 22: Nutrition and Renal Diseases......Page 644
Treatment of the Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 646
Consequences of Acute Kidney Injury......Page 649
Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury......Page 650
Consequences of Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 652
Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 654
Kidney Transplants......Page 658
Formation of Kidney Stones......Page 661
Consequences of Kidney Stones......Page 662
Prevention and Treatment of Kidney Stones......Page 663
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Dialysis......Page 667
CHAPTER 23: Nutrition, Cancer, and HIV Infection......Page 671
How Cancer Develops......Page 672
Nutrition and Cancer Risk......Page 673
Consequences of Cancer......Page 675
Treatments for Cancer......Page 677
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer......Page 679
Consequences of HIV Infection......Page 683
Treatments for HIV Infection......Page 685
Medical Nutrition Therapy for HIV Infection......Page 687
NUTRITION IN PRACTICE Ethical Issues in Nutrition Care......Page 693
APPENDIX A Table of Food Composition......Page 697
Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide......Page 784
Beyond the Basics: Meal Planning for Healthy Eating, Diabetes Prevention and Management......Page 791
The Foods on the Lists......Page 795
Controlling Energy, Fat, and Sodium......Page 796
Planning a Healthy Diet......Page 797
Using a Shortcut to Estimate Total Energy Expenditure......Page 811
Growth Charts......Page 821
Measures of Body Fat and Lean Tissue......Page 822
Nutritional Anemias......Page 829
Cautions about Nutrition Assessment......Page 832
Percentages......Page 833
Weights and Measures......Page 834
APPENDIX G Enteral Formulas......Page 836
APPENDIX H Answers to Self Check Questions......Page 842
GLOSSARY......Page 843
INDEX......Page 858