Nutrition Concepts and Controversies

Cover......Page 1
Statement\n......Page 5
Title Page\n......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
About the Authors......Page 9
Brief Contents......Page 10
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 21
What Do You Think?......Page 27
A Lifetime of Nourishment......Page 28
Changing Behaviors......Page 44
Healthy People: Nutrition Objectives for the Nation......Page 31
The Human Body and Its Food......Page 32
The Challenge of Choosing Foods......Page 35
The Science of Nutrition......Page 40
Self Check......Page 49
Controversy 1: Sorting the Imposters from the Real Nutrition Experts......Page 50
What Do You Think?......Page 57
Nutrient Recommendations......Page 58
Dietary Guidelines for Americans......Page 63
Diet Planning with the USDA Food Patterns......Page 65
Diet Planning Application......Page 71
Checking Out Food Labels......Page 75
Self Check......Page 88
Controversy 2: Are Some Foods Superfoods for Health?......Page 89
What Do You Think?......Page 96
The Body’s Cells......Page 97
The Body Fluids and the Cardiovascular System......Page 100
The Hormonal and Nervous Systems......Page 104
The Immune System......Page 106
The Digestive System......Page 107
A Letter from Your Digestive Tract......Page 118
The Excretory System......Page 121
Storage Systems......Page 122
Conclusion......Page 123
Self Check......Page 124
Controversy 3: Alcohol and Nutrition: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?......Page 126
What Do You Think?......Page 137
A Close Look at Carbohydrates......Page 138
The Need for Carbohydrates......Page 143
From Carbohydrates to Glucose......Page 155
The Body’s Use of Glucose......Page 159
Diabetes......Page 164
Management of Diabetes......Page 167
If I Feel Dizzy between Meals, Do I Have Hypoglycemia?......Page 169
Conclusion......Page 170
Self Check......Page 176
Controversy 4: Are Added Sugars “Bad” for You?......Page 177
What Do You Think?......Page 182
Introducing the Lipids......Page 183
A Close Look at Lipids......Page 186
Lipids in the Body......Page 190
Storing and Using the Body’s Fat......Page 192
Dietary Fat, Cholesterol, and Health......Page 194
Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 200
The Effects of Processing on Unsaturated Fats......Page 204
Fat in the Diet......Page 207
Self Check......Page 216
Controversy 5: Good Fats, Bad Fats—U.S. Guidelines and the Mediterranean Diet......Page 217
What Do You Think?......Page 223
The Structure of Proteins......Page 224
Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Protein......Page 231
The Importance of Protein......Page 234
Food Protein: Need and Quality......Page 239
Protein Deficiency and Excess......Page 245
Self Check......Page 251
Controversy 6: Vegetarian and Meat-Containing Diets: What Are the Benefits and Pitfalls?......Page 252
What Do You Think?......Page 259
Introduction......Page 260
Definition and Classification of Vitamins......Page 261
Vitamin A......Page 262
Vitamin D......Page 269
Vitamin E......Page 273
Vitamin K......Page 276
Vitamin C......Page 279
The B Vitamins in Unison......Page 284
The B Vitamins as Individuals......Page 286
Self Check......Page 304
Controversy 7: Vitamin Supplements: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?......Page 305
What Do You Think?......Page 312
Introduction......Page 313
Water......Page 314
Drinking Water: Types, Safety, and Sources......Page 318
Body Fluids and Minerals......Page 323
The Major Minerals......Page 325
The Trace Minerals......Page 336
Self Check......Page 353
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis: Can Lifestyle Choices Reduce the Risk?......Page 354
What Do You Think?......Page 360
The Problems of Too Little or Too Much Body Fat......Page 361
The Body’s Energy Balance......Page 365
Body Weight vs. Body Fatness......Page 368
The Appetite and Its Control......Page 371
Inside-the-Body Theories of Obesity......Page 375
Outside-the-Body Theories of Obesity......Page 376
How the Body Loses and Gains Weight......Page 379
Achieving and Maintaining a Healthy Body Weight......Page 382
Conclusion......Page 395
Self Check......Page 399
Controversy 9: The Perils of Eating Disorders......Page 400
What Do You Think?......Page 407
Fitness......Page 408
The Essentials of Fitness......Page 412
The Active Body’s Use of Fuels......Page 416
Vitamins and Minerals—Keys to Performance......Page 426
Fluids and Temperature Regulation in Physical Activity......Page 428
Self Check......Page 439
Controversy 10: Ergogenic Aids: Breakthroughs, Gimmicks, or Dangers?......Page 440
What Do You Think?......Page 447
Introduction......Page 448
The Immune System, Nutrition, and Diseases......Page 449
The Concept of Risk Factors......Page 452
Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 454
Nutrition and Hypertension......Page 463
Nutrition and Cancer......Page 468
Conclusion......Page 477
Self Check......Page 482
Controversy 11: Nutritional Genomics: Can It Deliver on Its Promises?......Page 483
What Do You Think?......Page 489
Introduction......Page 490
Microbes and Food Safety......Page 491
Which Foods Are Most Likely to Cause Illness?......Page 500
Advances in Microbial Food Safety......Page 506
Toxins, Residues, and Contaminants in Foods......Page 508
Are Food Additives Safe?......Page 519
Conclusion......Page 525
Self Check......Page 528
Controversy 12: Genetically Modified Foods: What Are the Pros and Cons?......Page 530
What Do You Think?......Page 536
Pregnancy: The Impact of Nutrition on the Future......Page 537
Drinking during Pregnancy......Page 552
Troubleshooting......Page 554
Lactation......Page 555
Feeding the Infant......Page 558
Self Check......Page 570
Controversy 13: Childhood Obesity and Early Chronic Diseases......Page 571
What Do You Think?......Page 579
Early and Middle Childhood......Page 580
Nutrition in Adolescence......Page 596
The Later Years......Page 599
Nutrition in the Later Years......Page 602
Self Check......Page 615
Controversy 14: Nutrient–Drug Interactions: Who Should Be Concerned?......Page 616
What Do You Think?......Page 622
Introduction......Page 623
U.S. Food Insecurity......Page 624
World Poverty and Hunger......Page 628
The Malnutrition of Extreme Poverty......Page 629
The Future Food Supply and the Environment......Page 632
How Can People Help?......Page 638
Self Check......Page 642
Controversy 15: Can We Feed Ourselves Sustainably?......Page 643
Appendix Table of Contents......Page 650
Appendix A: Table of Food Composition......Page 651
Appendix B: World Health Organization Nutrition Recommendations and Guidelines......Page 743
Appendix C: Aids to Calculations......Page 744
Appendix D: Exchange Lists for Diabetes......Page 747
Appendix E: Food Patterns to Meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010......Page 761
Appendix F: Notes......Page 766
Appendix G: Answers to Chapter Questions: Answers to Consumer\'s Guide Review and Self-Check Questions......Page 818
Appendix H: Physical Activity Levels and Energy Requirements......Page 823
Glossary......Page 825
Index......Page 845