Nutrition and Oral Health

Contents
1: Introduction
	References
2: Nutritional Considerations in Children
	2.1	 Growth and Development in Children
	2.2	 Development of Oral Anatomy, Feeding Skills and Transition to Childhood Eating Behaviours
		2.2.1	 Importance of the Development of Mastication to Infant Nutrition and Growth
		2.2.2	 Development of Oral Anatomy and Mastication During Infancy and Early Childhood
		2.2.3	 The Impact of Food Texture Introduction on Oral Anatomy and Eating Behaviour
		2.2.4	 Eating Behaviours, Energy Intake and Growth During the Preschool Years (3–6 Years)
	2.3	 Dietary Factors Affecting Nutritional Status in Children and Adolescents
		2.3.1	 Dietary Patterns in Early Life and Adolescence
		2.3.2	 Dietary Associated Practices Which Can Influence Food Choice and Intake Patterns in Childhood and Teenage Years
	2.4	 Other Conditions and Considerations That Can Influence Dietary Intakes and Nutritional Status During Childhood and Teenage Years
	2.5	 Conclusion
	References
3: Oral Health in Children
	3.1	 Dental Caries
	3.2	 Sugar Intake and Caries
	3.3	 Sugar Alternatives and Strategies to Reduce Intake
	3.4	 Dental Erosion
	3.5	 Gingivitis and Periodontal Conditions
	3.6	 Soft-Tissue Lesions
		3.6.1	 Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration
		3.6.2	 Oral Manifestations of Crohn’s Disease
		3.6.3	 Recurrent Oral Infections
	3.7	 Defects of Dental Hard Tissues
		3.7.1	 Vitamin D Deficiency
		3.7.2	 Coeliac Disease
	3.8	 Conclusion
	References
4: The Oral Health of the Ageing Population
	4.1	 General Population Demographics
	4.2	 Consequences of Changing Population Demographics
	4.3	 Systemic Comorbidity
	4.4	 Oral Epidemiology
		4.4.1	 Trends in Edentulism
		4.4.2	 The Partially Dentate Older Population
		4.4.3	 Dental Caries
		4.4.4	 Root Caries
		4.4.5	 Periodontal Disease
		4.4.6	 Toothwear
	4.5	 Conclusion
	References
5: The Importance of Nutrition for Older Adults
	5.1	 Nutrition and Ageing
		5.1.1	 Dietary Recommendations and Guidelines for Older Adults
		5.1.2	 Dietary Intake in Older Adults
		5.1.3	 Malnutrition
		5.1.4	 Obesity
		5.1.5	 Reduced Dietary Variety
	5.2	 Diet and Chronic Disease Risk in Older Age
		5.2.1	 Cancer
		5.2.2	 Cardiovascular Disease
		5.2.3	 Respiratory Diseases
		5.2.4	 Osteoporosis
		5.2.5	 Frailty
		5.2.6	 Sarcopenia
		5.2.7	 Parkinson’s Disease
		5.2.8	 Dementia
	5.3	 Factors Affecting Diet and Nutritional Status in Older Adults
		5.3.1	 Appetite and Satiety
		5.3.2	 Food Safety and Hygiene Practices
		5.3.3	 Smoking and Alcohol Consumption
		5.3.4	 Physical Activity
		5.3.5	 Physical Function
		5.3.6	 Dysphagia
		5.3.7	 Medications
		5.3.8	 Gastrointestinal Tract Function
		5.3.9	 Sensory Issues
		5.3.10	 Hormonal Status
		5.3.11	 Depression
		5.3.12	 Social Isolation and Loneliness
		5.3.13	 Low Income and Socio-Economic Status
	5.4	 Conclusion
	References
6: Relationship Between Periodontal Disease and Nutrition
	6.1	 Periodontal Disease
	6.2	 Macronutrient Malnutrition and Periodontal Disease
		6.2.1	 Carbohydrates
		6.2.2	 Protein
		6.2.3	 Fats
	6.3	 Micronutrient Malnutrition and Periodontal Disease
		6.3.1	 Vitamin A/Carotenoids
		6.3.2	 Vitamin B Complex
		6.3.3	 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
		6.3.4	 Vitamin D
		6.3.5	 Vitamin E
		6.3.6	 Calcium
		6.3.7	 Magnesium
		6.3.8	 Iron
	6.4	 Alcohol
	6.5	 Conclusions
	References
7: Impacts of Oral Rehabilitation on Nutritional Status
	7.1	 Functional Consequences of Tooth Loss
		7.1.1	 Mastication
		7.1.2	 Nutritional Status
		7.1.3	 Quality of Life
	7.2	 Tooth Replacement for Edentate Adults
		7.2.1	 Complete Replacement Dentures
		7.2.2	 Implant-Supported Prostheses
	7.3	 Tooth Replacement for Partially Dentate Adults
		7.3.1	 Removable Partial Dentures
		7.3.2	 Functionally Orientated Tooth Replacement
	7.4	 Conclusion
	References
8: Strategies for Changing Dietary Behaviour
	8.1	 Current Dietary Patterns in Adults
		8.1.1	 Diet and Obesity
		8.1.2	 Need for Behaviour Change
	8.2	 Advancing the Science of Behaviour Change
	8.3	 Evidence-Based Strategies for Changing Diet
	8.4	 Integrating Behaviour Change Principles into Everyday Clinical Practice
	8.5	 Promoting Long-Term Dietary Behaviour Change
		8.5.1	 Habits
	8.6	 Conclusion
	References