Nutrition and Human Health: Effects and Environmental Impacts

Foreword
Acknowledgment
Editorial Advisory Board
Contents
Part I: Climate Changes, Agricultural Productions and Environmental Impacts
	Climate Change Impact on Agricultural Production in the Sahel Region
		1 Introduction
		2 The Area Most Vulnerable to Climate Change
			2.1 Geographical Position
			2.2 Population
			2.3 Climate
			2.4 Agriculture
		3 The Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Sector
			3.1 The Temperature Rise Impact on Agricultural Production
			3.2 The Precipitation Impact on Agricultural Production
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Bioactive Components from Agrofood Waste: Methods of Delivery in Food Products
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Bioactive Components from Agricultural Waste
		2 Various Techniques for Delivery of Bioactive Compound in Food
			2.1 Edible Coatings
			2.2 Microencapsulation
				2.2.1 Microencapsulation Processes
			2.3 Liposomes
			2.4 Nanoencapsulation
			2.5 Nanoemulsion
			2.6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
			2.7 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)
		3 Conclusion
		References
	General Overview on the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
		1 Introduction
		2 New Morphological Methods to Activate Sustainable Change
		3 The Importance of Metrics in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Thinking Within the European Commission
		4 Measuring the Water-Energy-Food Nexus for Specific Country or Region
		5 Risks and Threats to the Water, Energy, and Food (WEF) Nexus
		6 New Strategies to Reduce Water and Energy Consumption in Food Production
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Fate and Impact of Pesticides: Environmental and Human Health Issues
		1 Introduction
		2 Production and Use of Pesticides: Pollution History
		3 Organophosphorus and Organochlorine Pesticides
		4 Positive Impacts of Pesticide Use
		5 Negative Impacts of Pesticide Use
			5.1 The Associated Effects on Human Health
				5.1.1 Cancers
				5.1.2 Respiratory Disorders
				5.1.3 Reproductive Disorders
			5.2 Threats to Biodiversity
				5.2.1 Effects on Birds
				5.2.2 Bats as Bioindicators
				5.2.3 Bee Declines
				5.2.4 Aquatic Animals
		6 Behaviors and Fate of Pesticides
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Metallic Trace Elements in Soil: Persistence, Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Remediation
		1 Introduction
		2 Metallic Trace Elements
			2.1 Overview
			2.2 Natural Sources
			2.3 Anthropogenic Sources
		3 Metallic Trace Elements in Soils
		4 Metallic Trace Elements and Soil Pollution
		5 Ecotoxicology and Metallic Trace Elements
		6 Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Metallic Trace Elements
		7 Bioaccumulation of Metallic Trace Elements in Trophic Chain
		8 Remediation of Metallic Trace Elements
		9 Conclusion
		References
	Wastewater for Agricultural Production, Benefits, Risks, and Limitations
		1 Introduction
		2 Drivers of Wastewater Use in Agricultural Production
			2.1 Rising Water Stress and Scarcity
			2.2 Population Growth and Urbanization
			2.3 The Rising Demand of Water Used Agriculture and Food Production
		3 Wastewater Types, Use Patterns, and Production Rates
			3.1 Types of Wastewater
			3.2 Wastewater Use Patterns
			3.3 Production Rates of Wastewater
		4 Benefits, Risks, and Limitations of Wastewater Use in Agriculture
			4.1 Benefits
			4.2 Risks
			4.3 Limitations
		5 Case Studies
			5.1 Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Israel
			5.2 Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Kenya
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Alternative Crops as a Solution to Food Security Under Climate Changes
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Change Effects on Soil Quality
		3 Climate Change Affects Water Availability
		4 Food Security and Agriculture Food Production
		5 Alternative Crops
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Food Security Policies and Smart Food
	Food Security, Legislation, and Regulations: Reading of Law Relating to Food Safety in Morocco
		1 Purpose and Scope of Law 28-07
		2 The Category Excluded from the Scope of the Law
		3 Conditions for Placing Food and Feed Products on the Market
		4 Competence, Investigation, and Observation of Infringements
		5 The Penalties
		6 The Control Procedure: ONSSA
		7 Conditions for Placing Food Products and Animal Feeds on the Market
		8 The Animals´ Marking and the Traceability of Materials, Primary Products, Food Products, and Animal Feed
		9 Consumer Information
		10 Competence, Research, and Finding of Offenses
		References
	Electrochemical Sensors for Food Quality and Safety
		1 Introduction
		2 Biosensors
			2.1 Biosensor Principle
			2.2 Classification of Biosensors
			2.3 Recognition Elements of a Biosensor
			2.4 Different Modes of Transduction
			2.5 Characteristics of Biosensors
			2.6 Influence Quantities
		3 Food Contaminations
			3.1 Heavy Metals
			3.2 Unlawful Additives
			3.3 Residues of Pesticide
			3.4 Veterinary Drug Residues
			3.5 Biotoxins
			3.6 Microbial Pathogens
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Nutrigenomics and Transcriptomics for a Personalized Nutrition
		1 Introduction
		2 What Is Nutrigenomics?
		3 Gene-Nutrient Interaction
			3.1 Transcriptomics Research Tools in Nutrigenomics
			3.2 Microarray
			3.3 RNA-Seq Technology
		4 Nutritional Transcriptomics
			4.1 The Mechanistic Approach
			4.2 The Biomarker Profiling Approach
		5 Nutrition System Biology
			5.1 Challenges in Nutrigenomics
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Modeling of Food and Nutrition Security: Relevance of the PLS Approach to Structural Equation Models
		1 Introduction
		2 Methods of Estimating Structural Equation Models with Latent Variables
			2.1 Methods of Structural Equations with Latent Variables
			2.2 Specification of Structural Equation Models: Reflective Constructs Versus Formative Constructs
			2.3 Methods of Estimating Structural Equation Models: LISREL Versus PLS
				2.3.1 LISREL Method
				2.3.2 PLS (Partial Least Squares) Method
		3 Relevance of the PLS Approach in the Modeling of ``Food Security and Nutrition (FSN)´´: Capability Approach
			3.1 ``Food Security and Nutrition (FSN)´´ Seen from the Perspective of the Capability Approach: Theoretical Framework
			3.2 Modeling of ``Food and Nutritional Security´´: Relevance of the PLS Structural Equations Method
		4 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Nutrition, Human Health and Food Security
	Nutrition in Disease Prevention and Food Safety
		1 Introduction
		2 Disease Prevention Through Food
			2.1 Obesity
			2.2 Diabetes
			2.3 Cancer
			2.4 Mental Health
		3 Food Contamination Along Manufacturing Process
			3.1 Food Processing Steps
			3.2 Food Contamination: Origin?
			3.3 Food Process Contaminations
				3.3.1 Raw Food Contamination
				3.3.2 Transportation
				3.3.3 Cleaning Process
				3.3.4 Heat Treatment Effect on Food Properties
					d1-3-MCPD
					d2-Acrylamide
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Toxic Plankton Public Health Risks
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 The Succession of Phytoplankton Assemblages
			3.1 Precipitation/Winter
			3.2 Spring Transition
			3.3 Spring Bloom
			3.4 Secondary Bloom
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Trace Metals and Food Risks
		1 Introduction
		2 Basic Reminders
		3 Routes of Exposure
			3.1 Exposure Through Soil
			3.2 Geochemical Background
			3.3 Atmospheric Deposition
		4 Anthropogenic Inputs
			4.1 The Fertilizer Materials
			4.2 Pesticides
		5 Exposure Through Water
		6 Exposure Through Food
			6.1 Food Dietary Intake of Some Heavy Metals and International Recommendations
				6.1.1 Mercury
				6.1.2 Lead
				6.1.3 Cadmium
			6.2 Hazard Characterization and Risk Assessment
				6.2.1 Mercury
				6.2.2 Lead
				6.2.3 Cadmium
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Protein Diet and Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Overview of the Last Decade Controversy
		1 Introduction
		2 The Intestinal Flora
		3 Protein-Related Dysbiosis and the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis
		4 Gut Microbiota, a Key Therapeutic Target of HE
		5 Nutritional Issue in HE
		6 To Take or to Avoid the Protein-Containing Meal, What Is Better for Patients with HE?
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Nutritional Diet and Health Among Moroccan Childbearing Women
		1 Introduction
		2 Obesity and Pregnancy Among Moroccan Women Introduction
			2.1 Materials and Methods
			2.2 Results
			2.3 Discussion
			2.4 Conclusion
		3 Adhesion of Moroccan Women to the Mediterranean Diet Introduction
			3.1 Materials and Methods
			3.2 Results
			3.3 Characteristics of Women´s Reproductive Life
			3.4 Nutritional Status of Participants
			3.5 Physical Activity Among Participants
			3.6 Women´s Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet
			3.7 Discussion
			3.8 Conclusion
		4 Infertility and Nutrition Introduction
			4.1 Materials and Methods
		5 Results
			5.1 Reproductive Life and Infertility
			5.2 Nutritional Status of Participants
			5.3 Discussion
			5.4 Conclusion
		6 General Conclusion
		References
	Effects of Mercury on General Homeostasis and Liver-Brain Interaction
		1 Introduction
		2 Mercury and Health
		3 Environmental Source of Exposure
		4 Food
		5 Absorption Mercury Derivatives
		6 Distribution and Metabolism
		7 Elimination
		8 Mechanisms of Action
			8.1 Mercury Has Cytotoxic Activity
			8.2 Mercury Has Genotoxic Activity
			8.3 Mercury Has Dysimmune Activity
		9 Chronic Toxicity
			9.1 Effects on the Digestive Tract
			9.2 The Effect of Mercury on the Liver
			9.3 The Effect of Mercury on the Kidneys
			9.4 Effects on Cardiovascular System
		10 Effects of Mercury on Reproduction
		11 Effect of Mercury on Nervous System
			11.1 Mercury and Oxidative Stress
		References
	Prostate Cancer Incidence and the Consumable Risk Factor Effect in the Metropolitan City of Ibadan
		1 Introduction
		2 Research Methodology
		3 Findings and Discussions
			3.1 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondents with Prostate Cancer
			3.2 Spatial Variation of Incidence Rates of Prostate Cancer Among the LGA
			3.3 Socioeconomic Characteristics and Risk Factors of Prostate Cancer
			3.4 Education and Prostate Cancer Relationship
			3.5 Average Monthly Income and Prostate Cancer Relationship
			3.6 Ibadan Built Environment and Prostrate Cancer Incidence
			3.7 Occupational Risk Environments and Prostate Cancer
			3.8 Industrial Occupation Contribution to Prostate Cancer Exposure
			3.9 Agricultural Occupation Contribution to Prostate Cancer Exposure
			3.10 Residential Environments and Prostate Cancer Exposure
			3.11 Conclusion and Recommendation
		Appendices
			Appendix 1 Relationship Between Education and Modifiable Risk Factors
			Appendix 2 Relationship Between Monthly Income and Selected Modifiable Risk Factors
		References
	Emerging Nonthermal Techniques for Food Processing
		1 Introduction
		2 High Hydrostatic Processing (HHP)
			2.1 Principle
			2.2 HHP Effects on Foods
		3 Pulses UV Light Technology
			3.1 Mechanisms and Its Effect on Microorganisms
		4 Pulsed Electric Field
			4.1 Mechanisms of PEF
			4.2 Impact and Applications
		5 Irradiation
			5.1 Principle
			5.2 Effect and Applications in the Food Industry
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Food Hazards and Brain Development: The Case of Cadmium
		1 Introduction
		2 Cadmium Characteristics and Toxicity
		3 Developmental Neurotoxicity
		4 Particular Sensitivity of the Developing Brain
		5 Maternal Behavior
		6 Effect of Cadmium on Morphological Parameters After Delivery
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Obesity in School-Going Adolescents
		1 Introduction
		2 Definition of Obesity
		3 Prevalence of Childhood Obesity
			3.1 Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in North Africa
			3.2 Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in Europe and America
			3.3 Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in the Rest of the World
		4 Childhood Overweight and Obesity Measurement and Screening
			4.1 The Body Mass Index
			4.2 Assessment of Body Fat by Anthropometric Criteria
		5 Factors Playing a Role in the Development of Obesity
			5.1 Eating Behavior
			5.2 Mechanisms Determining Food Intake
				5.2.1 Hunger, Satiety, and Fullness
				5.2.2 Adaptation of Food Intake
				5.2.3 Nibbling
			5.3 Socioeconomic, Educational, and Cultural Status
			5.4 Physiological Variations in Body Size and Adiposity Rebound
				5.4.1 Fetal Life
				5.4.2 Birth Weight
				5.4.3 Breastfeeding
		6 Consequences of Obesity
			6.1 Cardiovascular Risk
			6.2 Type 2 Diabetes
			6.3 Respiratory Complications and Sleep Disorders
			6.4 Psychosocial Complications
			6.5 Cancer and Obesity
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Nutritional Aspects and Neurodegenerative Disorders
		1 Introduction
		2 Clinical Features and Epidemiology
		3 Oxidative Stress Causes Neurodegeneration
		4 Eating Habits and Central Nervous System
			4.1 Vitamins
			4.2 Trace and Essential Elements
			4.3 Polyphenols
			4.4 Alcohol
			4.5 Fatty Acids Neurotoxicity
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Acrylamide, the Unnatural Compound: Exposure and Toxicity on Humans and Animals
		1 Introduction
		2 General Description and Use
		3 Acrylamide in Food
			3.1 Discovery of Acrylamide in Food
			3.2 Acrylamide Formation in Food and the Maillard´s Reaction
			3.3 Acrylamide and Food Security
		4 Toxicity of Acrylamide
			4.1 Acute Toxicity
			4.2 Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
		5 Effects on the Body Weight
		6 Gastrointestinal Effects
		7 Cardiovascular Effects
		8 Hematological Effects
		9 Hepatotoxic Effects
		10 The Effects on the Immune System
		11 The Effects on Kidney
		12 Reproductive Effects
			12.1 Effects on Reproductive Parameters
		13 Effects on Pregnant Females and Offspring
		14 Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity
			14.1 Carcinogenic Effects
		15 The Neurotoxic Effects
		References