Nutrition and heart disease: Causation and prevention

Nutrition and Heart Disease: Causation and Prevention......Page 1
Back Cover......Page 2
Copyright Info......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Editors......Page 7
Contributors......Page 8
TOC......Page 11
Section I - Diet and Heart Disease Prevention......Page 14
1.1 WHAT DIETITIANS OFFER......Page 15
1.2 EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE......Page 16
1.3.1 S YSTEMATIC R EVIEW E VIDENCE......Page 17
1.3.2 T RIAL E VIDENCE......Page 19
1.4.1 D IETARY I NTERVENTIONS T HAT M AY R EDUCE I LLNESS AND D EATH......Page 20
1.4.2 D IETARY I NTERVENTIONS T HAT M AY A LTER R ISK F ACTORS......Page 21
1.4.2.3 Elevated Homocysteine Levels......Page 22
1.6 USEFUL CONTACTS......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 25
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 28
2.2.1 STUDY POPULATION......Page 29
2.2.2 DIETARY ASSESSMENT......Page 30
2.2.6 STATISTICAL A NALYSIS......Page 31
2.3.2 TOTAL PERSON -YEARS AND ENDPOINTS OF FOLLOW -UP......Page 32
2.3.3 DEATHS FROM ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION......Page 33
2.4.1 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF S TUDY......Page 38
2.4.3 RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES......Page 39
2.4.4 RESULTS OF BIOMARKER STUDIES......Page 42
2.4.6 ANTIARRHYTHMIC EFFECT OF FISH OIL......Page 44
2.5 SUMMARY......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
3.1 SUMMARY......Page 49
3.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHD IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN POPULATIONS......Page 50
3.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHD IN AFRICAN AMERICAN AND WHITE POPULATIONS......Page 51
3.4 RISK FACTORS......Page 52
3.6 OUTLOOK FOR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICANS......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 54
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 58
4.2.1 F ISH , N -3 F ATTY A CIDS , AND SCD......Page 59
4.2.2 A LCOHOL AND SCD......Page 61
4.2.3 A NTIOXIDANTS AND SCD......Page 62
4.3 DIET AND HEART FAILURE......Page 63
4.3.2 D IETARY F ATTY A CIDS , C YTOKINES , LVH, AND CHF......Page 65
4.4 DIET AND PREVENTION OF PLAQUE INFLAMMATION AND RUPTURE......Page 66
4.4.2 L IPID O XIDATION T HEORY OF CHD......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 69
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 74
5.3 CONTENT OF NUTRITIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAM......Page 75
5.4 RESULTS......Page 76
5.5 DISCUSSION: HOW DO RESULTS COMPARE TO OTHER RESEARCH?......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 79
Section II - Nutrients and Heart Disease......Page 81
CONTENTS......Page 82
6.2.1 C ALCIUM......Page 83
6.2.3 Z INC......Page 85
6.3.1 V ITAMIN A......Page 86
6.3.3 R IBOFLAVIN (B 2 )......Page 87
6.3.6 VITAMIN B 6......Page 88
6.3.7 F OLATE......Page 89
6.3.10 V ITAMIN E......Page 90
6.4.1 UBIQUINONE (COENZYME Q10)......Page 92
6.5 OXIDATIVE STRESS......Page 93
6.6 HOMOCYSTEINE AND HEART DISEASE......Page 94
6.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 96
7.1 INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS......Page 111
7.2.2 LEPTIN REGULATES COMPLEX NEURAL NETWORKS IN MEDIOBASAL HYPOTHALAMUS......Page 112
7.3.1 LEPTIN AND HEART RATE......Page 113
7.3.2.2 Central Leptin Infusion......Page 114
7.4 LEPTIN-RESPONSIVE NEURAL PATHWAYS AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM......Page 115
7.4.2 NPY/A G RP N EURONS AND C ARDIOVASCULAR E FFECTS......Page 116
7.5 LEPTIN RESISTANCE, OBESITY, AND CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS......Page 117
7.6 WEIGHT LOSS, LEPTIN, AND BLOOD PRESSURE......Page 118
REFERENCES......Page 119
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 125
8.2 CHEMISTRY AND NOMENCLATURE......Page 126
8.4 METABOLISM......Page 127
8.5 SOURCES......Page 128
8.8 STATUS ASSESSMENT......Page 129
8.10 TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS......Page 130
8.11 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 131
8.12.1 C ASE –C ONTROL S TUDIES......Page 132
8.12.2 C OHORT S TUDIES......Page 133
8.12.3 R ANDOMIZED C ONTROLLED T RIALS......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 138
CONTENTS......Page 143
9.2.2 P ROSPECTIVE S TUDIES......Page 144
9.2.4 M ECHANISMS OF H OMOCYSTEINE D AMAGE......Page 145
9.3.3 I NTERVENTION S TUDIES......Page 146
9.3.4 F OLATE AND C ARDIOVASCULAR D ISEASE......Page 147
9.3.5 E FFECT OF G ENOTYPE......Page 149
9.4.2 N ATURALLY O CCURRING F OLATES......Page 150
9.4.3 S TABILITY AND B IOAVAILABILITY......Page 151
9.4.4 F OOD F ORTIFICATION......Page 152
9.5.1 F OLATE I NTAKE IN P OPULATION......Page 153
9.5.2 FOLIC ACID FORTIFICATION IN THE U.S.......Page 154
9.6 SUMMARY......Page 155
REFERENCES......Page 156
Section III - Foods and Macronutrients in Heart Disease......Page 160
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 161
10.2 TYPES AND CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION......Page 163
10.3 CURRENT MEDICAL TREATMENTS FOR HYPERTENSION......Page 164
10.4 OTHER TREATMENTS FOR HYPERTENSION......Page 165
10.5 FLAVONOIDS: TYPES, SOURCES, AND STUDIES......Page 169
REFERENCES......Page 176
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 184
11.2 HCHO-LF DIETS AND CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM......Page 185
11.3 HCHO-LF DIETS AND TRIGLYCERIDE METABOLISM......Page 186
11.4 EFFECTS OF NONDIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATES......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 190
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 196
12.2 EVIDENCE OF CARDIOPROTECTION BY MEDITERRANEAN DIETS......Page 197
12.3 ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF MEDITERRANEAN DIETS......Page 200
12.4 PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND POTENTIAL SITES OF ACTION OF NEWLY DISCOVERED COMPOUNDS......Page 201
12.5 ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION AS MAIN TARGET FOR ANTIATHEROGENIC PROPERTIES OF OLIVE OIL COMPONENTS......Page 202
12.5.1 A NTI -I NFLAMMATORY P ROPERTIES OF O LEIC A CID......Page 203
12.5.2 A NTI -I NFLAMMATORY P ROPERTIES OF P OLYPHENOLIC A NTIOXIDANTS......Page 205
12.6 CLUES TO POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF OLIVE OIL COMPONENTS ON ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION: INFLUENCE ON INTRACELLULAR REDOX STATUS......Page 210
12.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 217
13.2 LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS......Page 218
13.2.1 O PTIMUM D OSES OF S OY AND S OY I SOFLAVONES......Page 220
13.2.2 D IFFERENCES IN I SOFLAVONE M ETABOLISM......Page 221
13.2.3 LDL O XIDATION......Page 223
13.2.4 L IPOPROTEIN ( A )......Page 225
13.3.1.1 Premenopausal Subjects......Page 226
13.3.1.2 Postmenopausal Subjects......Page 227
13.3.2 A RTERIAL C OMPLIANCE......Page 228
13.4 BLOOD PRESSURE......Page 229
13.5 ATHEROSCLEROSIS EXTENT......Page 230
13.6 SOY INTERACTIONS WITH ESTROGENS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOY AS A COMPLEMENTARY HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY......Page 232
13.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
CONTENTS......Page 239
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 240
14.2.1 MARASMUS......Page 241
14.2.2 KWASHIORKOR......Page 242
14.3.1 CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 244
14.3.2 INVESTIGATIONS......Page 245
14.3.3 PATHOLOGIC CHANGES......Page 247
14.3.4 ANIMAL MODELS......Page 248
14.3.5 VITAMIN D EFICIENCIES......Page 250
14.3.6.1 Potassium......Page 251
14.3.6.6 Selenium......Page 252
14.3.7 M ANAGEMENT OF P ROTEIN E NERGY M ALNUTRITION......Page 253
14.3.8 C ARDIAC C OMPLICATIONS DURING RECOVERY......Page 254
14.3.9 STUDIES OF ADULTS WITH SEVERE MALNUTRITION......Page 255
14.3.10 CONCLUSION......Page 256
14.4.2 PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN WITH HEART DISEASE......Page 257
14.4.3 MECHANISMS AND CONSEQUENCES OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN WITH HEART DISEASE......Page 258
14.4.3.1 Poor Intake and Absorption......Page 259
14.4.3.3 Potential for Growth......Page 260
14.4.3.5 Consequences of Malnutrition......Page 261
14.4.5 CONCLUSION......Page 262
14.5.1.1.1 Cross-Sectional Studies......Page 263
14.5.1.1.2 Longitudinal Studies......Page 264
14.5.1.2 Fetal Growth and Hypertension......Page 265
14.5.1.3 Fetal Growth and Other Risk Factors for Ischemic Heart Disease......Page 266
14.5.2.1 Fetal Origins Hypothesis......Page 267
14.5.2.3 Genetic Explanations......Page 268
14.5.4 CONCLUSION......Page 269
REFERENCES......Page 270
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 281
15.2 WHAT ARE PLANT STEROLS AND STANOLS?......Page 282
15.3.1 EXOGENOUS ROUTE......Page 284
15.3.2 ENDOGENOUS ROUTE......Page 285
15.5.1 EFFECTS OF P LANT S TEROLS AND S TANOLS ON S ERUM L IPID AND L IPOPROTEIN C ONCENTRATIONS......Page 286
15.5.2 EFFECTS OF P LANT S TEROLS AND S TANOLS ON D EVELOPMENT OF A THEROSCLEROSIS......Page 288
15.5.3 MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 289
15.5.4 METABOLISM OF P LANT S TEROLS AND STANOLS......Page 290
15.5.6 SIDE EFFECTS......Page 291
15.6 CONCLUSION......Page 293
REFERENCES......Page 294
16.1 PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF FLAVONOIDS ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: INTRODUCTION......Page 297
16.2 ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF FLAVONOIDS*......Page 298
16.2.1 GRAPE S EEDS AND RED WINE......Page 301
16.2.2 T EA......Page 303
16.3 LYCOPENE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE......Page 305
16.4.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 308
16.4.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF G ARLIC......Page 309
16.4.4 GARLIC AND LDL OXIDATION......Page 310
16.4.5 GARLIC AND PLATELET AGGREGATION......Page 312
16.4.6 GARLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES......Page 313
16.5 CONCLUSION......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 316
Section IV - Age and Heart Disease......Page 321
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 322
17.2.1 CARDIAC CYCLE......Page 323
17.2.2 SYSTOLIC FUNCTION IN AGING......Page 327
17.3.1 MECHANISM OF SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION (CONTRACTILITY) IN AGING......Page 329
17.3.2 MECHANISMS OF DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN AGING......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 331
18.2 INTRODUCTION OF iNOS (NOS II)......Page 334
18.3 EXPRESSION OF iNOS IN HEART FAILURE......Page 335
18.4.2 C GMP-I NDEPENDENT P ATHWAY......Page 337
18.4.2.1 NO and Calcium Cycling Proteins......Page 339
18.4.2.2 NO Regulates Mitochondrial Respiration......Page 341
18.4.2.3 NO and Cell Death......Page 342
18.5 NO REGULATES CARDIAC BETA-ADRENERGIC RESPONSE......Page 343
REFERENCES......Page 344