Nutrition and fitness. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 10
Conference Organization......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
Background......Page 26
Genetic Variation, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health......Page 27
Micronutrients......Page 28
Physical Activity......Page 29
Education......Page 30
Declaration......Page 31
References......Page 32
Positive Health: Exploring Relevant Parameters......Page 34
References......Page 46
Definition of Obesity and Previous Criteria of Obesity......Page 48
New Criteria and Classification of Obesity in Japan......Page 49
Differentiation of Pathological Obesity......Page 54
Causes of Obesity in Japan......Page 56
References......Page 58
Exercise and Obesity in China......Page 60
Assessment and Classification of Overweight and Obesity......Page 61
The Prevalence of Obesity Is Lower than in the Developed Countries or Western Societies, but Is Increasing Rapidly......Page 63
District Differences:Higher in the North than the South, and Higher in Urban than in Rural Areas......Page 64
Gender-Related Variation......Page 65
Physical Activity and Weight Control......Page 66
Exercise Prescription for Weight Reduction......Page 68
Exercise Strategy for Weight Reduction......Page 69
References......Page 71
Prevalence......Page 74
Prevention......Page 76
References......Page 80
Methods......Page 83
Change in PA from Adolescence to Adulthood......Page 84
Tracking of PA from Adolescence to Adulthood......Page 85
Conclusions......Page 86
References......Page 87
Adolescent Obesity and Physical Activity......Page 89
Results......Page 90
Discussion......Page 93
References......Page 96
Methods......Page 98
Results......Page 99
Discussion......Page 104
References......Page 105
Physical Activity and Body Composition......Page 107
Methods to Assess Body Composition......Page 108
Body Composition and Physical Activity......Page 110
Body Composition and Aging......Page 111
Conclusions......Page 112
References......Page 113
Syndrome X: Clinical Aspects......Page 115
Proposed Predisposing Factors......Page 117
Management......Page 118
References......Page 119
Metabolic Syndrome: Is There a Pathophysiological Common Denominator?......Page 122
Hyperinsulinemia......Page 123
11beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase......Page 124
Conclusions......Page 126
References......Page 127
Lifestyle-Gene-Drug Interactions in Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome......Page 131
Obesity – A Matter of Dietary Fat?......Page 132
The Link between Gene Polymorphisms and Dietary Lipid: Example of an Interaction......Page 133
Dietary Fat Prof ile: Heterogeneity of Individual Responses......Page 134
Metabolic Balance – Energy Expenditure Is Important......Page 138
References......Page 140
Genetic Modulation of Cardiovascular Risk......Page 143
Gene-Environment Impact on Fibrinogen......Page 145
The European Gradient of Myocardial Infarction Mortality as a Model of Gene-Environment Interaction......Page 146
Gene Environment Impact on Coagulation Factor VII......Page 147
Acknowledgements......Page 149
References......Page 150
Nutrients, Physical Activity and Gene Expression......Page 154
Fatty Acids and Gene Expression during Exercise......Page 155
Carbohydrates and Gene Expression during Exercise......Page 156
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 158
Finer Roles for Specific Fatty Acids: The Inhibition of Endothelial Activation by Unsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 160
Interaction between Omega
3/Omega
6 Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acids and the Genome: Fatty Acid Intake, 5-Lipoxygenase and
Atherosclerosis – An Example of Nutrigenetics......Page 161
Conclusions......Page 163
References......Page 164
Physical Activity and Hypertension: An Overview......Page 167
Aerobic Physical Activity for Primary Prevention of Hypertension......Page 168
Aerobic Physical Activity for Management of Hypertension......Page 171
Conclusions......Page 173
References......Page 174
Omega–3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmias......Page 176
Evidence of Antiarrythmic Effects of  omega–3 Fish Oil Fatty Acids in Humans......Page 183
Acknowledgements......Page 184
References......Page 185
A Method for the Direct Evaluation of the Fatty Acid Status in a Drop of Blood from a Fingertip in Humans......Page 186
Results and Discussion......Page 187
Conclusions......Page 189
References......Page 190
Measurement Error in the Assessment of Interaction between Dietary and Genetic Factors in Cohort Studies of Cancer......Page 191
Gene Environment Interactions in Nutritional Epidemiology......Page 192
Types of Biological Markers......Page 193
24-Hour Urine Nitrogen and Potassium......Page 194
Calibration......Page 195
Future Work......Page 196
References......Page 197
Cancer Frequency in Poor Rural Communities Consuming a Very Limited Diet......Page 199
Material and Methods......Page 200
The Dietary Transition of the Communities......Page 201
Results on Cancer Pr valence......Page 202
Conclusions......Page 203
References......Page 204
Omega–6/Omega–3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ratio and Breast Cancer......Page 205
References......Page 210
Fish, omega–3 Polyunsaturated Fat Intake and Cancer at Selected Sites......Page 213
Methods......Page 214
Data Analysis......Page 215
Fish and Cancer Risk......Page 216
omega-3 PUFAs and Cancer Risk......Page 218
Discussion......Page 219
References......Page 220
Breast Cancer......Page 223
Colorectal Cancer......Page 226
Prostate Cancer......Page 227
Nonspecific Effects of Physical Activity on Cancer Prevention......Page 228
Critical Life Time Period for Practicing Increased Physical Activity in order to Reduce Cancer Risk......Page 229
Recommendations and Future Aspects......Page 230
References......Page 231
Author Index......Page 236
C......Page 237
F......Page 238
O......Page 239
P......Page 240
 T......Page 241
V......Page 242