Nutrition and Aging

Front Cover......Page 1
Nutrition and Aging......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 14
Editor\'s Foreword......Page 16
Foreword......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
I. Introduction......Page 24
II. Age-Related Changes in Body Composition and Metabolism......Page 25
III. Aging and Tissue Function......Page 26
IV. Nutrient Needs and Intakes of the Elderly......Page 28
References......Page 31
I. Introduction......Page 34
II. Factors Affecting Expression of Disease in the Elderly......Page 35
III. Physiologic Changes Occurring with Advancing Age......Page 39
IV. Summary......Page 43
References......Page 44
I. Introduction......Page 46
II. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging......Page 47
III. Physiological Functions......Page 51
References......Page 56
I. Introduction......Page 58
II. Clinical Aspects of Skin Aging......Page 59
llI. In Vitro Studies of Skin Aging and Nutritional Requirements......Page 60
IV. Conclusions......Page 64
References......Page 65
I. Introduction: Consequences of Bone Disease in the Aged......Page 68
II. Historical Perspective......Page 69
III. Production of Vitamin D in the Skin......Page 71
IV. Metabolism of Vitamin D......Page 72
V. Vitamin D Nutrition in the Aged......Page 74
VI. Effect of Aging on the Capacity of the Skin to Produce Vitamin D3......Page 75
VII. Recommendations for Maintaining Vitamin D Nutrition for the Elderly......Page 77
VIII. Conclusions......Page 78
References......Page 80
I. Introduction......Page 82
II. Physiologic Consequences of Atrophic Gastritis......Page 84
III. Vitamin B12......Page 85
IV. Folic Acid......Page 86
V. Iron......Page 87
VI. Calcium......Page 88
References......Page 90
I. Introduction......Page 94
II. Definition of Requirement and Recommended Intake......Page 95
III. The Present State of Knowledge Pertaining to Mineral Requirements of the Elderly......Page 97
IV. Efficiency of Intestinal Absorption......Page 98
V. Determination of Requirements for Mineral Elements in the Elderly......Page 99
VI. The Categories of Mineral Elements......Page 102
VII. Interactions......Page 104
References......Page 105
I. Introduction......Page 108
III. Antioxidant Defense Systems......Page 109
IV. Age-Related Alterations in Antioxidant Protection......Page 110
V. Life Span Modification by Dietary Antioxidants......Page 111
VI. Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Degenerative Conditions......Page 113
VII. Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Immune Function......Page 114
References......Page 117
I. Introduction......Page 122
II. Basic Aspects of Aging......Page 125
III. Major Animal Groups for Research on Aging......Page 126
IV. Drug-Nutrient Interactions in the Elderly......Page 128
V. Aging and Drug Effects in Animal Models......Page 130
VI. Drug-Nutrient Interactions in Animal Models......Page 133
VII. Conclusions......Page 136
References......Page 137
I. Introduction......Page 140
II. Dietary Intake Measurements......Page 141
III. Vitamin Measurements......Page 143
IV. Vitamin Assessment in a Healthy Elderly Population......Page 146
References......Page 159
I. Introduction......Page 162
II. Title III Nutrition Program for Older Americans......Page 166
III. Food Stamp Program......Page 185
V. Conclusion......Page 187
References......Page 189
I. Introduction......Page 192
II. Prevalence of Alcoholism......Page 193
III. Amount of Alcohol Ingested......Page 194
V. Diseases Produced by Alcoholism......Page 196
VI. Discussion......Page 199
References......Page 201
I. Introduction......Page 202
III. Morphological Changes in Skeletal Muscle......Page 204
IV. Exercise and Protein Metabolism in Muscle......Page 208
V. Muscle Metabolism and Aging......Page 209
VI. Summary......Page 212
References......Page 213
I. Effects of Food Restriction in Rodents......Page 216
II. Effects of Exercise on Longevity......Page 217
References......Page 227
I. The Problem of Osteoporosis......Page 230
II. Determinants of Bone Mass......Page 231
III. Calcium......Page 232
IV. Phosphate......Page 235
VI. Vitamin D......Page 236
VII. Summary and Conclusion......Page 237
References......Page 238
I. Introduction......Page 240
II. The Vitamin D Endocrine System......Page 243
III. Osteomalacia and Osteoporosis......Page 248
IV. Aging and Vitamin D Metabolism and Function......Page 249
V. Postmenopausal Osteoporosis......Page 251
VI. Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis with 1,25-(OH)2D3......Page 254
References......Page 255
I. Introduction......Page 258
II. Initial Investigations in Mice, Rats, and Guinea Pigs of Protein and Calorie Malnutrition and Immune Functions......Page 260
III. Zinc and Immunity......Page 261
IV. Influence of Nutrition on Immunologic Involution and Susceptibility to Diseases of Aging in Inbred Mice......Page 263
V. Dietary Constituents Crucial to Inhibition of Autoimmunity and Nephritis......Page 266
VI. Breast Cancer in Mice......Page 268
References......Page 269
I. Introduction......Page 274
II. Effect of Age on Normal Bone Marrow Function......Page 275
III. Effect of Age on Hematopoiesis in Man......Page 277
IV. Epidemiologic Evidence Implicating Nutrition in the Anemia of the Elderly......Page 278
V. Role of Nutrition in Age-Related Changes in Hematopoiesis in Animals......Page 279
VI. Hematopoietic Manifestations of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition in the Elderly......Page 280
VII. Potential Age-Nutrition-Hematopoietic Interactions......Page 283
References......Page 284
I. Introduction......Page 286
II. Risk Factors and Aging......Page 289
III. Secular Trends in Nutrition-Related Risk Factors......Page 294
References......Page 297
Index......Page 300