Nursing Today: Transition and Trends

Front Cover
Nursing Today: Transitions and Trends
Copyright Page
Contributors
Reviewers
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents​
Unit I. Professional Growth and Transition
	1 Role Transitions
		Transitions
			What Are Transitions?
			What Are Important Factors Influencing Transitions?
			Transitions in Nursing
		Reality Shock
			What Is Reality Shock?
			What Are the Phases of Reality Shock?
			What Is Transition Shock?
		Role Transformation
			When Does the Role Transition to Graduate Nurse Begin?
			How Can I Prepare Myself for This Transition Process?
				Begin Increasing Independence
				More Realistic Patient-Care Assignments
				Clinical Hours That Represent Realistic Shift Hours
				Perform Nursing Procedures Instead of Observing
				More Truth About the Real Work-Setting Experience
				Look for Opportunities to Problem Solve and Practice Critical Thinking
				Request Constructive Feedback From Staff and Instructors
				Request Clinical Experience in an Area or Hospital of Interest
				Think Positively
				Be Flexible
					School-learned ideal.
					Workplace reality.
					Compromise.
				Get Organized
				Stay Healthy
				Find a Mentor
				Find Other New Graduates
				Have Some Fun
				Know What to Expect
				What Is the Future of Role Transition?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	2 Personal Management: Time and Self-Care Strategies
		Managing Your Time
			Balance Is the Key
			What Are Your Biological Rhythms, and How Do You Use Them?
			What Is Meant by Right and Left Brain Dominance, and Where Is My Brain?
			Which Are You?
			How Can I Manage My Physical Environment?
				Compartmentalize
				Color Code
				Convenience
				Declutter the Clutter
				What About All the Paperwork and Electronic Requests—How Can I Manage Them?
			What About Managing the Telephone?
			What About All That E-mail, Texting, or Social Media?
			How Can I Manage My Time?
		Managing Tasks
			How Do I Deal With Procrastination?
			Consider the Consequences
			The Earlier, the Better
				“By the Inch, It’s a Cinch”
				Reward Yourself
				Avoid the Myth of Perfection
		Managing Others
			What About Delegation and Time Management?
		Managing Your Goals
			Begin by Listing
			Prioritize With the ABCD System
			Keep It Going
		Self-Care Strategies
			Is Burnout Inevitable for Nurses?
			Cultivating Mindfulness
				Are You Living on “Automatic Pilot”?
				What Are Mindfulness Exercises?
			Empowerment and Self-Care
				Suggested Strategies for Self-Care Based on the Holistic Self-Assessment Tool
				Am I Emotionally Healthy or Emotionally Intelligent?
				What About Friends and Fun? How Do I Find the Time?
				How Do I Take Care of My Physical Self?
				Self-Care Activities
					Physical Exercise.
					Laughter.
					Mental Exercise.
					Motivate Yourself.
					Schedule Idle Time.
				Strategies to Foster My Spiritual Self: Does My Life Have Meaning?
				How Do I Increase My Mental Potential? Is It Okay to Daydream?
				What Are My Choices, and How Do I Exercise Them?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	3 Mentorship, Preceptorship, and Nurse Residency Programs
		Ashley
		Historical Background
		What Mentoring is and is not
		What Is Preceptorship?
		What Is a Dedicated Education Unit?
			What Happens if I Experience a Challenge During My Preceptorship or Clinical Rotation?
				Lead
				Follow
				Get Out of the Way
		What Is a Nurse Residency Program?
			How to Find a Mentor
			What Are the Characteristics of a Successful Mentor?
			What Is a Mentoring Moment?
			When Do We Need Mentors?
			What Is the Role of the Mentee?
			What Are the Characteristics of the Mentee?
			What Are the Types of Mentoring Relationships?
			Mentoring Through Reality Shock
				Honeymoon Phase
				Shock or Rejection Phase
		Recovery Phase
			Resolution Phase
			Transitioning from Mentee to Mentor
			What Does the Future Hold?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	4 Employment Considerations: Opportunities, Resumes, and Interviewing
		What is Happening in the Job Market?
		Self-Assessment
			What Are My Clinical Interests?
			What Are My Likes and Dislikes?
			What Are My Personal Needs and Interests?
			What Are My Career Goals?
		Researching Prospective Employers
			What Employment Opportunities Are Available?
			What About Advanced Degrees in Nursing?
		How do i go about Researching Prospective Employers?
			Employment Considerations: How Do You Decide on an Employer?
				Media Information
					Newspapers.
					Online Searches.
					Social Networking.
					Job Fairs and Open Houses.
					Employee Contacts.
				Recruitment Contacts
					Letter-Writing Campaign.
					Telephone Contact.
					Personal Contact.
		What do i Need to know to Assess the Organization?
			How Do You Go About Assessing an Organization to Find What You Want?
				Talk to People in the Organization
				Read and Analyze the Recruitment Materials
				Review the Mission, Vision, or Philosophy Statement
				Evaluate the Reputation of the Leadership
		Portfolios
			What Is an E-Portfolio?
		Traditional and Employer-Focused Resumes
			How Do I Write an Effective Resume?
			What Information Is Necessary for a Resume?
				Demographic Data: Who Are You?
				Summary of Qualifications (Professional Objective): For What Position Are You Applying?
				Education: Where Did You Receive Your Education?
				Professional Experience: What Do You Know How to Do?
				Licensure: What Can You Do, and Where Can You Do It?
				Professional Organizations: To Which Do You Belong?
				Honors and Awards: For What Did You Receive Recognition?
				References: Who Knows About You?
			What Else Should I Submit With My Resume?
			What Are the Methods for Submitting Resumes?
		The Interview Process
			How Do I Plan My Interview Campaign?
				Set Up Your Schedule
				Prepare to Show Your Best Side
				Rehearse the Interview
			Strategies for Interview Success
				Phone Interview Tips
				Video Interview Tips
		Face-to-Face Interview: Critical First 5 Minutes!
		Phases of the Interview
		How do i Handle Unexpected Questions or Situations?
			Now Can We Talk About Benefits?
				Sign-on Bonuses
		Job Offers and Possible Rejection
			Postinterview Process
			Follow-up Communication
				Follow-up Letter
				Letters of Rejection
				Telephone Follow-up
			What If I Do Not Like My First Position?
			What If It Is Time to Change Positions?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	5 NCLEX-RN® Exam and the New Graduate
		The NCLEX-RN® Exam
			Who Prepares It, and Why Do We Have to Have It?
			How Will the Nurse Licensure Compact Affect Your License?
			What Is the NCLEX-RN® Exam Test Plan?
			What Does Computer-Adaptive Testing Mean?
				What Is the Application Process for the NCLEX-RN® Exam Computer-Adaptive Test?
				What About Testing Accommodations?
				Where Do I Take the Test?
				When Do I Take the Test?
				How Much Time Do I Have, and How Many Questions Are There?
				Do I Have to Be Computer Literate?
				How Will I Keep the Computer Keys Straight and Deal With a Mouse?
				What Is the Passing Score?
				How Will I Know I Have Passed?
				What Types of Questions Will Be on the NCLEX-RN® Exam?
			What Are Some of the Other Things I Really Need to Know About the NCLEX-RN® Exam?
				What If I Need to Change the Time or Date I Have Already Scheduled?
				What About Identification at the Testing Site?
				What Are the Advantages of the Computer-Adaptive Test for the Candidate?
		Preparing for the NCLEX-RN® Exam
			Where and When Should I Start?
				Six Months Before the NCLEX-RN® Exam
					Investigate review courses, review books, and practice tests.
					Plan an expense account for the end of school and for the NCLEX-RN® examination.
				Two Months Before the NCLEX-RN® Exam: What Do I Need to Do Now?
					If you have a job, discuss your anticipated NCLEX-RN® exam test date with your employer.
					Decide how you are going to get to the test site and whether it will be necessary for you to stay overnight.
					Are you going with a group or by yourself?
					Develop a plan for studying.
				The Day Before the BIG DAY
					Make a “test run” the evening before the test.
					Go to bed early do not study, cram, or party!
				The BIG DAY Is Here
					Dress comfortably but look nice.
			NCLEX Rules
			How Do I Select an NCLEX-RN® Exam Review Course?
				What Types of Review Courses Are Available?
					NCLEX-RN® exam online review courses.
				What Are the Qualifications of the Review Course Instructors?
				What Types of Instructional Materials Are Used in the Course?
				Does the Course Include Instruction in Test-Taking Skills and Testing Practice?
				How Much Does the Course Cost?
				How Long Does It Last?
				Where Is the Face-to-Face Course Held?
				What Are the Statistics Regarding the Pass Rate for the Company?
				Does the Review Company Offer Any Type of Guarantee?
				When Is the Course Offered?
			NCLEX-RN® Exam Review Books: Which One Is Right for You?
				Scan the Table of Contents
				Evaluate Chapter Layout
				Evaluate Content
				Evaluate the Index
				Examine Test Questions
				Look for Test-Taking Strategies
			NCLEX-RN® Practice Exam
			Test Anxiety: What Is the Disease? How Do You Get Rid of It?
			What Kinds of Questions Can I Expect on the NCLEX-RN® Exam?
			What Difference Do Test-Taking Strategies Make?
			What Are Strategies for Answering Multiple-Choice Questions?
				Read the Question (Stem) Carefully
				Create a Pool of Information
				Look for Critical Words
				Evaluate All the Options in a Systematic Manner
				Eliminate Options You Know Are Not Correct
				Identify Similarities in the Options
				Evaluate Priority Questions Very Carefully
				Select Answers That Focus on the Client
			What Are Alternate Item Format Questions?
				What Are the Different Types of Alternate Item Format Questions?
					Fill-in-the-blank.
					Multiple-response item.
					Hot spot.
					Ordered response (drag and drop).
					Chart or exhibit item.
					Audio item.
					Graphic options.
			What Is the Next Generation NCLEX Project?
				Let’s Look a Little Closer at the NGN
				Types of NGN Test Questions
			NCLEX-RN® Exam Testing Tips
				NCLEX Hospital
				NCLEX Clients
				Medication Administration
				Calling for Assistance
				Positioning
				Delegation and Supervision
				Setting Priorities With a Group of Clients
				Prescriber’s Orders
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Unit II. Nursing: A Developing Profession
	6 Historical Perspectives: Influences on the Present
		Nursing History: People and Places
			Where Did It All Begin?
			Why Deacons, Widows, and Virgins?
			How Did Knighthood Contribute to Nursing?
			What About Revolts and Nursing?
			Florence Nightingale: The Legend and the Lady
		American Nursing: Critical Factors
			What Was It Like in Colonial Times?
			What Happened to Nursing During the US Civil War?
			How Did the Roles of Nurses and Wives Compare During the Victorian Era?
			Who Were the Reformers of the Victorian Era?
			What Were the Key Challenges and Opportunities in 20th- and 21st-Century Nursing?
			How Did the Symbols (Lamp, Cap, and Pin) of the Profession Evolve?
			What Are the Key Events and Influences of the 21st Century?
		History of Nursing Education
			What Is the History of Diploma Nursing?
			What Is the History of Associate Degree Nursing?
			What Is the History of Baccalaureate Nursing?
			What Is the History of Graduate Nursing Education?
		The Nurse’s Role: the Struggle for Definitions
			What Do Nurses Do?
			What Is the Traditional Role of a Nurse?
			Did You Know You Would Be a Teacher or Educator?
			When Did the Nurse Become an Advocate? Nurse in the Role of Advocate
			What Is the Role of Manager of Care?
			Can Nurses Be Colleagues?
			Where Does This Leave the Role of Colleague?
			What About Experts?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	7 Nursing Education
		Path of Diploma Education
			What Is the Educational Preparation of the Diploma Graduate?
		Path of Associate Degree Education
			What Is the Educational Preparation of the Associate Degree Graduate?
		Path of Baccalaureate Education
			What Is the Educational Preparation of a Baccalaureate Graduate?
		Other Types of Nursing Education
			What Are the Other Available Educational Options?
			What Is a Concurrent Enrollment BSN Completion Program?
			What is a BSN/MSN Completion Program?
				What Is an External Degree Program?
				What is an Online (Web-Based) Program?
				What is a Proprietary Nursing School?
				What Is an Accelerated Program?
		Nontraditional Paths for Nursing Education
			What About a Master’s Degree as a Path to Becoming a Registered Nurse?
		Graduate Education
			What About Graduate School?
		Why Would I Want a Master’s Degree?
			How Do I Know Which Master’s Degree Program Is Right for Me?
			Why Would I Want a Doctoral Degree?
			How Do I Know Which Doctoral Program Is Right for Me?
		Credentialing: Licensure and Certification
			What Is Credentialing?
			What Is Nursing Licensure?
			What Is Certification?
			What is Accreditation?
		Nursing Education: Future Trends
			The Changing Student Profile
			Educational Mobility
			A Shortage of Registered Nurses
				A Shortage of Qualified Nursing Faculty
			Technology and Education
			Changing Health Care Settings
			The Aging Population
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	8 Nursing Theories
		Nursing Theory
			What Is Theory?
			What Nursing Theory Is Not
			Why Theory?
			What Is the History of Nursing Theory?
		Who Are The Nursing Theorists?
			Selected Nursing Theorists
				Dorothea Orem—Self-Care Nursing Theory
				Martha Rogers—Science of Unitary Human Beings
				Sister Callista Roy—Adaptation Model
				Dorothy Johnson—Behavioral Systems Model
			Betty Neuman—Systems Model
				Imogene King—Goal Attainment Model
				Jean Watson—Theory of Human Caring
				Madeleine Leininger—Culture Care Theory
		Future of Nursing Theory
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	9 Professional Image of Nursing
		Professional Image of Nursing
			What Do We Mean by the “Image” of Nursing?
				Patient Interactions
				Personal Interaction With the Public
				Public Speaking and Community Activities
				Participation in Political Activities
			What Constitutes a Profession?
			Is Nursing a Profession?
				1. A Profession Has Relevance to Social Values
				2. A Profession Has a Training or Educational Period
				3. Elements of Self-Motivation Address the Way in Which the Profession Serves the Patient or Family and Larger Social Syste ...
				4. A Profession Has a Code of Ethics
				5. A Professional Has a Commitment to Lifelong Work
				6. Members Control Their Profession
				7. A Profession Has a Theoretical Framework on Which Professional Practice Is Based
				8. Members of a Profession Have a Common Identity and a Distinctive Subculture
		Nursing Organizations
			What Should I Know About Professional Organizations?
			What Organizations Are Available to Recent Graduates?
				American Nurses Association
				American Nurses Foundation and the American Academy of Nursing
				International Council of Nurses
				National League for Nursing
				National Student Nurses’ Association
				Organization for Associate Degree Nursing
				American Association of Colleges of Nursing
				American Board of Nursing Specialties
				American Assembly for Men in Nursing
				The American Red Cross
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Unit III. Nursing Management
	10 Challenges of Nursing Management and Leadership
		Management Versus Leadership
			What Is the Difference Between Management and Leadership?
				The Functions of Management
		What Are the Characteristics and Theories of Management?
			What Is Meant by Management Style?
		What Are the Characteristics and Theories of Leadership?
			Management Requires “Followership”
		The 21st Century: A Different Age for Management and for Leadership
			The Silent or Veteran Generation
			The Baby Boomers
			Generation X
			Generation Y
			Generation Z or Generation Now
			Generation Alpha
		Power and Authority in Nursing Management
			Do You Know the Difference Between Power and Authority?
			What Are the Different Types of Power?
		Management Problem Solving
			How Are Problem-Solving Strategies Used in Management?
			Evidence-Based Management Protocols and Interventions
			How Are Problem Solving and Decision Making Related?
			What Effect Does the Leader Have on the Group?
			Who Is the Clinical Nurse Leader?
		The Challenge of Change
			Who Initiates Change and Why?
				System
				Management
				Patient
				Yourself
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	11 Building Nursing Management Skills
		Communication and Patient Safety
			How Can I Improve My Verbal Communication for Patient Safety?
			How Can I Improve My Written Communication for Patient Safety?
				Transcribing Written Orders
		Communicating When It Is Critical—What Do You Need To Do?
			Critical Patient Tests
			Critical Hand-Off Communication
			Shift Change—So Much to Say . . . So Little Time
			Other Communications: Discharge Planning and Teaching
			How Can I Deal With All the Interruptions?
			What Skills Do I Need to Use the Telephone Effectively?
		Managing Time in the Clinical Setting
			Get Organized Before the Change-of-Shift Report
			Prioritize Your Care
			Organize Your Work by Patient
		Managing Others
			What About Delegating and Time Management?
			Supervising and Evaluating the Care Provided by Others
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	12 Effective Communication, Team Building, and Interprofessional Practice
		Communication in The Workplace
			How Can I Communicate Effectively With My Supervisor?
			How Can I Communicate Effectively With Other Nursing Personnel?
		What Does My Image Communicate to Others?
			What Should I Know About the “Grapevine”?
			How Can I Handle Cultural Diversity at Work?
		Components of Effective Communication
			How Can I Communicate Effectively in Writing?
			How Can I Learn to Speak Effectively?
				Analyze Your Audience
				Do Your Homework
				Plan the Presentation
				Add Spice to the Presentation
				Create Cheat Sheets
				The Closing
				Final Details
			What Listening Skills Do I Need to Develop?
				Make Sure You Can Hear What Is Being Said
				Focus Your Attention on What Is Being Said
				Recognize and Control Your Emotional Response to What Is Being Said
				Make the Decision to Listen and Accept the Other Person’s Needs and Feelings, Whatever They Are
				Pay Attention to Nonverbal Communication as You Listen to the Words
				Fight Off Distractions
				Take Notes
				Let the Speaker Tell the Whole Story
				React to the Message, Not the Person
				Respond Positively to the Feelings Being Communicated
			How Can I Use Nonverbal Communication Effectively?
				Make Eye Contact With the Person With Whom You Are Talking
				Stand Up Straight, With Shoulders Back
				To Suggest Confidence, Use an Assertive Voice Without Pauses
				Watch for Distracting Behaviors
				How Can I Communicate Effectively by Using Technology?
				Do Not Misuse or Overuse E-mail and Text Messaging
				Learn to Use Computer Software
				When You Send E-mail Messages
				Do Not Send an Emotional Outburst in an E-mail
				When You Leave a Voice Mail Message for Someone, Speak Slowly and Distinctly
				If You Are Using Call Waiting, Do Not Leave Callers on Hold
				When You Call Someone, Ask if He or She Has Time to Talk, and Offer to Call Back at a More Convenient Time if Necessary
				If You Are Conducting a Conversation or a Meeting on a Speaker Phone or by Means of a Teleconference, Make Sure That Each P ...
				When You Must Send a Personal Message, Especially a Reminder or a Thank-You Note, the Most Powerful Way Is to Send a Handwr ...
		Group Communication
			What Is Group Process?
			How Can You Improve Communications in Group Meetings?
		Team Building And Interprofessional Practice
			What Is Team Building?
			What Is Interprofessional Practice?
		Assertive Styles of Communication
			How Can Nurses Be More Assertive?
			What Are the Benefits of Assertiveness?
			What Are My Basic Rights as a Person and as a Nurse?
			How Can I Begin to Practice Assertive Communication?
			What Are the Components of Assertive Communication?
			When to Use Assertive Communication
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	13 Conflict Management
		Conflict
			What Causes Conflict?
				Role Conflict
				Communication Conflict
				Goal Conflict
				Personality Conflict
				Ethical or Values Conflict
				What Are Common Areas of Conflict Between Nurses and Patients—and Between Nurses and Patients’ Families?
		Conflict Resolution
			What Are Ways to Resolve Conflict?
				Competition
				Avoidance
				Accommodation
				Compromise
				Collaboration
			What Are Some Basic Guidelines for Choosing the Technique to Use?
		Dealing With Difficult People
			What Are Some Techniques for Handling Difficult People?
			What Is Anger?
			What Is the Solution for Handling Anger?
				Stop
				Look
				Change
				Get Active
				Refocus on Something Positive
				Pay Attention to Your Breathing
		Sexual Harassment in The Workplace
			What Can I Do About It?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	14 Delegation in the Clinical Setting
		What Does Delegation Mean?
			The Delegation Process
		Who Is Accountable Here?
		The Right Task
		What Can I Delegate or Assign?
			Is There Anything I Cannot Delegate?
		The Right Circumstances
		How Can I Determine the Strengths and Weaknesses of Team Members?
		What Are the Causes of Performance Weaknesses?
		The Right Person
			How Can I Use Outcomes in Delegating?
		The Right Direction and Communication
			How Can I Get the Delegate to Understand What I Want?
		The Right Supervision and Evaluation
			How Can I Give and Receive Feedback Effectively?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Unit IV. Current Issues in Health Care
	15 The Health Care Organization and Patterns of Nursing Care Delivery
		What Are Some Important Challenges Currently Facing Health Care?
			Cost of Health Care
		Managed Care
			What Impact Has Managed Care Had on Costs?
			Affordable Care Act
		Strategies to Control Costs
		Value-Based Care, Pay for Performance, and Accountable Care Organizations
			What Is Value-Based Care?
			What Is Pay for Performance?
			What Are Accountable Care Organizations?
		Case Management
			Nurse Navigator Programs
		Disease Management
			Do Disease Management Programs Reduce the Cost of Health Care?
			What Tools Are Used to Support Care Coordination?
				Clinical Guidelines
		Evidence-Based Practice
			How Do We Know That Critical Pathways and Disease Management Protocols Reflect the Latest and Best Practice?
		Shortage of Nurses
			How Can Health Care Organizations Retain Nurses?
			Magnet Hospitals
		The Impact of the 2010 Institute for Medicine Future of Nursing Report
		Quality of Care and Patient Safety
			Institute for Healthcare Improvement
		The Effects of Various Patterns of Nursing Care Delivery
			What Is the Total Patient Care or Private-Duty Model?
			What Is Functional Nursing?
			What Is Team Nursing?
			What Is Primary Nursing?
			What Is Patient-Focused Care?
			What Is the Most Effective Model of Nursing Care?
		Nurse Staffing
			What Is the Impact of Staffing Patterns on the Quality of Care?
			How Are Nursing Work Assignments Determined?
			What About Scheduling Patterns?
			What About the Use of Overtime?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	16 Economics of the Health Care Delivery System
		What Are the Trends Affecting the Rising Costs of Health Care?
		Intrinsic Factors
		Extrinsic Factors
		WHY Is cost expenditure the Effect of the Changing Economic Environment on Clinical Practice?
		How Is the Us Health Care System Financed?
			The Affordable Care Act of 2010
		Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance
		Introduction to Economics
			Government Allocation Decisions
			Payer Allocation Decisions
			Marketplace Allocation Decisions
				Unpredictability of Demand
				Consumer Knowledge
				Barriers to Entry to the Market
				Lack of Price Competition
		Budgets
			What Are the Basic Concepts of Budgets?
			What Are the Types of Budgets?
				Capital Budget
				Operating Budgets
				Personnel Budget
					Hours per Patient Day.
					Full-Time Equivalent.
					Productive Time.
					Nonproductive Time.
				What Are the Economics of Caring?
			Fiscal Responsibility to the Patient
			Fiscal Responsibility to the Employing Organization
			Fiscal Responsibility to the Payer of Care
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	17 Political Action in Nursing
		What Exactly is Politics?
			What Other Strategies Would You Suggest?
			What Are the Skills That Make Up a Nurse’s Political Savvy?
				Ability to Analyze an Issue (Those Assessment Skills Again!)
				Ability to Present a Possible Resolution in Clear and Concise Terms
				Ability to Participate in a Constructive Way
				Ability to Voice One’s Opinion (Understand the System)
				Ability to Analyze and Use Power Bases
		What Is Power, And Where Does It Come From?
			A Way to Look at Power and Where to Get It
		Networking Among Colleagues
		Building Coalitions
			What About Trade-Offs, Compromises, Negotiations, and Other Tricks of the Trade?
			How Do I Go About Participating in the Election Process?
			What Is a Political Action Committee?
			After Getting Them Elected, Then What?
		Controversial Political Issues Affecting Nursing
			Uniform Core Licensure Requirements
				What Is It?
			Nursing and Collective Bargaining
			Equal Pay for Work of Comparable Value or Comparable Worth?
			Safe Nurse Staffing
			Nursing Workforce Development Programs
			Health Care Reform
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	18 Collective Bargaining: Traditional (Union) and Nontraditional Approaches
		When Did the Issues Leading to Collective Bargaining Begin?
		The Evolution of Collective Bargaining in Nursing
			Legal Precedents for State Nursing Associations as Collective Bargaining Agents
		Who Represents Nurses for Collective Bargaining?
			Traditional and Nontraditional Collective Bargaining
		Collective Bargaining: Perspectives of the Traditional Approach
			Where Does Collective Bargaining Begin?
			What Can a Union Contract Do?
				Wages
				Job Security Versus Career Security
				Seniority Rights
				Resolution of Grievances
				Arbitration
				Strikes and Other Labor Disputes
			What Are the Elements of a Sound Contract?
				Membership
				Retirement
				Other Benefits Issues
			Traditional Collective Bargaining: Its Risks and Benefits
		Collective Bargaining: Perspectives of the Nontraditional Approach
			Nontraditional Collective Bargaining: Its Risks and Benefits
			American Nurses Association and National Nurses United: What Are the Common Issues?
				Health Care Reform and Expanding Advanced Practice Nurses’ Scope of Practice
				Workplace Safety
				Safe Nurse Staffing
				Objection to an Assignment
				Is There a Place for Collective Bargaining in Nursing?
		Collective Bargaining: The Debate That Continues
			Registered Nurse Participation in Collective Bargaining
			How Can Nurses Control Their Own Practice?
				Nurse Practice Committees
		Future Trends
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		Bibliography
	19 Ethical Issues
		Understanding Ethics
			What Are Your Values?
			Moral and Ethical Principles
				What Is the Best Decision, and How Will I Know?
					Autonomy: A Patient’s Right to Self-Determination Without Outside Control.
					Beneficence: Duty to Actively Do Good for Patients.
					Nonmaleficence: Duty to Prevent or Avoid Doing Harm, Whether Intentional or Unintentional.
					Fidelity: Duty to be Faithful to Commitments.
					Justice: Duty to Treat All Patients Fairly, Without Regard to Age, Socioeconomic Status, Immigration Status, or Other Varia ...
					Veracity: The Duty to Tell the Truth.
				Which Principle or Rule Is Most Important?
				So How Do I Make an Ethical Decision?
					Teleological.
					Situational.
				How Do I Determine Who Owns the Problem?
					First, Determine the Facts of the Situation.
					Second, Identify the Ethical Issues in the Situation.
					Third, Consider Possible Courses of Action and Their Related Outcomes.
				What About an Interdisciplinary Ethics Committee?
					Fourth, After a Course of Action Has Been Taken, Evaluate the Outcome.
				What Other Resources Are Available to Help Resolve Ethical Dilemmas?
		Controversial Ethical Issues Confronting Nursing
			Abortion
				How Does the Abortion Issue Affect Nursing?
			Euthanasia
			Futile Care and Physician-Assisted Suicide
				What Is Medical Futility?
					Physician-Assisted Suicide.
				What Are the Ethical Issues Regarding Transplantation?
				What Is the Ethical Issue Regarding the Use of Fetal Tissue?
				What Are the Ethical Issues Regarding In Vitro Fertilization?
				What Are Genetics and Genomics?
				How Should We Use the Ability to Diagnose Genetic Defects Prenatally?
			Allocation of Scarce Resources
			Impact of a Pandemic
				What Are Some of the Possible Solutions Being Debated?
					Health Care Rationing.
				What Are the Ethical Issues Around Involuntary Commitment?
			Professional Boundaries
				What Is the Impact of Social Media and Social Networking on Nursing Practice?
			Emerging Ethical Issues in Health Care
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	20 Legal Issues
		Sources of Law
			Where Does Law Come From?
				What Is Constitutional Law?
				What Is Statutory Law?
				What Is Administrative Regulatory Law?
				What Are Nurse Practice Acts?
				What Is Criminal Law?
					Case Study 1
				What Is Case Law?
			Civil Actions—Torts
				What Are Intentional Torts?
			Invasion of Privacy and Breaches of Privacy and Confidentiality
			Miscellaneous Intentional Torts and Employment Civil Rights Claims
				What Are Unintentional Torts?
					Case Study 2
					Case Study 3
		Court Actions Based on Legal Principles
		Nursing Licensure
			Disciplinary Actions
			Scope of Practice
			Multistate Licensure
			What About Substance Use Disorder in Nursing?
		Negligence
			Basic Elements of Negligence
			Do You Have a Professional Duty?
			Falling Below the Standard of Care: Was There a Breach of the Professional Duty?
				What About the Nurse Practice Act?
				What Is an Expert Witness?
			What Are Established Policies and Procedures?
				What About Facility Licensure, Accreditation, and Reimbursement Standards?
				What About Textbooks and Journals?
				What Are Professional Standards for Nursing Organizations?
				Applying the Standard of Care to the Case Study
				Did the Breach of Duty Cause an Injury?
			Applying “Causation” to Case Study 3
				Did the Patient Suffer Damages or Injury?
				Damages Applied to the Case Study
					Case Study 4
					Case Study 5
		Who Might Have Liability (Responsibility) in a Claim?
			Personal Liability
			Supervisory Liability
			Institutional Liability
			Student Liability
		What Defenses Might Be Available in Malpractice Claims?
		Common Categories of Negligence
			Medication Errors
			Provide a Safe Environment
			Patient Falls
			Equipment Failure
			Failure to Assess Adequately, Monitor, and Obtain Assistance
			Failure to Communicate Adequately
			Failure to Report
			Failure to Document
		Related Legal Concepts
			Informed Consent
			Advance Directives
		Criminal Actions
			What Criminal Acts Pose a Risk to the Nurse?
				Theft and Misappropriation of Property
				Nursing Practice Violations
				Violations of the Food and Drugs Act
		Risk Management and Quality Improvement
			How Do I Protect Myself and My Patient From Risks?
			Malpractice Insurance
			What About Individual Malpractice Insurance?
			What Is Institutional Coverage?
			What Should I Ask About Institutional Coverage?
			What Is Professional Licensure Defense Insurance?
			What Happens When I Go to Court?
		Legal Issues Affecting Nursing
			Health Care Costs and Payment Issues
			Health Care Delivery Issues
			Issues About Life-and-Death Decisions
				Termination of Pregnancy
				Fetal Rights
				Human Experimentation or Research
				Patient Rights
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Unit V. Contemporary Nursing Practice
	21 Cultural and Spiritual Awareness
		Culture and Spirituality
			What Is Meant by Cultural and Linguistic Competence?
			What Practice Issues Are Related to Cultural and Linguistic Competence?
				Barriers to Cultural and Linguistic Competence
			Social Determinants of Health and Health Care Disparities
			Strategies for Providing Culturally Competent Care
			A Culturally Diverse Workforce
			What Is the Meaning of Spirituality?
		Cultural and Spiritual Assessment
			What Are Cultural and Spiritual Beliefs Regarding Illness and Cures?
			How Do You Assess Spiritual Need?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	22 Quality Patient Care
		Standards of High-Quality Health Care Management
			What Is Root-Cause Analysis?
		History and Evolution of Quality in Health Care
		What Are Core Measures?
		What is HCAHPS?
		Just What Is The Joint Commission?
			What Are National Patient Safety Goals?
		Monitoring the Quality of Health Care
			What Is Quality Improvement?
			How Do We Monitor Quality?
			What Are an Indicator and a Metric?
			What Is Performance Improvement?
			What Are the Barriers to Quality Improvement?
		What Are Some Other Agencies Influencing Patient Safety?
		Quality Improvement Methods
		Tools and Processes for Continuous Quality Improvement
			What Is Six Sigma?
		How Do We Use DMAIC?
			The Define Phase
			The Measure Phase
			The Analyze Phase
			The Improve Phase
			The Control Phase
		Health Care Provider Credentialing for Quality Improvement
		Health Literacy
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	23 Nursing Informatics
		Nursing Informatics
			Nursing Informatics: Why Do I Care?
			What Is Nursing Informatics?
			Experience and Education
			Role of Informatics Nurses and Informatics Nurse Specialists
			Barriers to Success
			The Certification Process
		Professional Practice, Trends, And Issues
			What Are Regulatory and Accreditation Requirements?
				Privacy and Confidentiality
			Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
				HIPAA and the Use of Mobile Computing Devices
				The Joint Commission
				Cybersecurity
		Electronic Health Records
			The e-World Is Coming . . . Wait, It’s Here
			Electronic Medical Record and Electronic Health Record
			Personal Health Record
			Technology Changing Workflow for the Better—Medication Fulfillment
			Computerized Provider Order Entry and Clinical Decision Support
			Barriers to Health Information Technology Still Remain
		Trends
		The Next Generation of Health Care Delivery
			Patient Engagement
			Telemedicine, Telehealth, and Health Monitoring
			Cloud Computing
			Big Data
			Robotics in Patient Care
			Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: The Time Is Almost Here
		Patients and the Internet
			What Do I (and Patients) Need to Know to Evaluate an Internet Resource?
				The CARS Checklist
			Patient Portals
		Data Access at the Point of Care
			Computers in the Nurses’ Station
			Mobility in the Clinical World
			Smartphones
			Using Data to Improve Care at the Bedside
		Nursing Informatics and You
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	24 Using Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research
		What is Evidence-Based Practice?
			Step 1: Define the Problem
			Step 2: Identify, Review, and Evaluate the Data Applicable to the Problem
			Step 3: Design a Practice Change Based on the Data While Incorporating the Clinical Expertise of the Nurse and Patient Pref ...
			Step 4: Implement the Change in Nursing Practice
		The Need For Nursing Practice Based on Research
		What Is Nursing Research Utilization?
			What Are the Steps for Nursing Research Utilization?
				Step 1: Preutilization
				Step 2: Assessing
				Step 3: Planning
				Step 4: Implementing
				Step 5: Evaluating
			Research Utilization: What Is It Not?
		Research Utilization Compared with Nursing Research and the Conduct of Research
			How Is the Use of Research in Practice Different From Conducting Research?
				Steps for Conducting Research
			What Is the Relationship Between Nursing Theory and Research Utilization?
		Defining Your Practice Context
			What Are the Health, Social, and Cultural Characteristics of the Patient Population Being Served?
			What Are the Health Care Delivery Characteristics of Your Setting?
			What Are the Motivators and Barriers for Incorporating Nursing Research into Your Practice?
		The National Institute of Nursing Research
			What Is Its Function?
		The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
			What Is Its Function?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	25 Workplace Issues
		Questions to Ask When Starting a New Position
		Ergonomic Hazards for Health Care Workers
			Back Injury
			Safe Patient Handling and Mobility
			Ergonomic Workstations
			Repetitive Motion Disorders
		Workplace Violence: A Growing Concern in Health Care
			Lateral Violence (Bullying) and Other Forms of Workplace Harassment
		Other Workplace Issues
			Needlestick and Sharps Safety
			Handling Staffing Shortages
				Document Your Concerns
			Mandatory Overtime
			Making a Mistake—What Do I Do Now?
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	26 Emergency Preparedness
		What Is Public Health Preparedness?
		Clinical Preparedness
			What Are Biologic Agents?
			What Are Chemical Agents?
			What Are Radiologic or Radioactive Agents?
			What Is a Pandemic?
			What Is Personal Protective Equipment in Disaster Response?
			What Is Disaster Nursing?
			What Are the Levels of Disasters?
		What Is Triage?
		Public Health Preparedness and Administrative Efforts
		Community Health Nurse Issues and Public Health Preparedness
			Epidemiologic Aspects
			What Is the Strategic National Stockpile?
			What is a CHEMPACK?
			What is ESAR-VHP?
			Medical Reserve Corps
			Disaster Medical Assistance Teams
		What Do I Need to Know About Community Preparedness Issues?
		What Do I Need To Know About Disaster Mental Health?
			Individual and Family Preparedness Issues
			Emerging Trends and Issues in Emergency Preparedness
			The 2010 Institute of Medicine Report
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Index
Answers to NGN Test Questions
	Bibliography