Nursing Care and the Activities of Living, Second Edition

Nursing Care and the\nActivities of Living......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 18
Introduction......Page 20
Introduction......Page 26
Registration and professional accountability......Page 27
Maintenance of a register of nurses and midwives......Page 28
Duty of care......Page 29
Nurses and accountability......Page 30
Nursing hierarchy......Page 31
Government directives......Page 34
The structure of the NHS in England......Page 38
The structure of the NHS in Northern Ireland......Page 40
Conclusions......Page 41
References......Page 42
2 Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults......Page 44
Defining a vulnerable adult and abuse......Page 45
Ethics and safeguarding the vulnerable adult......Page 48
Policies and legislation for safeguarding the vulnerable adult......Page 53
Fitness to practise panels......Page 57
Reporting suspicions of abuse as a nurse......Page 58
Reporting suspicions of abuse as a student nurse......Page 59
Conclusions......Page 60
References......Page 61
3 Assessing Needs and the Nursing Process......Page 63
Models of nursing......Page 64
Organisation of nursing care......Page 65
Nursing history......Page 66
Elements in nursing......Page 67
Theories, concepts and models......Page 68
Nursing process......Page 71
Conclusions......Page 82
References......Page 83
Introduction......Page 85
Risk assessment......Page 86
Common risks in health care......Page 88
Minimising the risk of medication error......Page 89
Minimising the risk of falls......Page 91
Minimising the risk of health care-associated infection......Page 93
Conclusions......Page 104
References......Page 105
5 Communicating Effectively......Page 108
Introduction......Page 109
Talking to patients, carers and colleagues effectively and clearly conveying and receiving the intended message......Page 110
Facilitating patients and their carers to communicate effectively......Page 111
Potential communication difficulties......Page 112
The differing methods of communication used by individuals......Page 113
Communicating with people from different cultures......Page 114
Using body language effectively......Page 115
Using the electronic means of distributing information......Page 116
The ability to know when someone needs to know a piece of information......Page 117
Information and record keeping......Page 118
Communication and reflective practice......Page 119
Conclusions......Page 120
References......Page 123
6 Eating and Drinking: Fluid and Nutritional Care in Practice......Page 125
Obesity......Page 126
Disease-related factors......Page 127
Providing nutritional care in practice......Page 128
Screening/assessment to identify patients’/clients’ nutritional needs......Page 129
Weight loss......Page 130
Stress factors/nature of current illness......Page 133
Monitoring and re-screening......Page 134
Factors that affect nutritional care: the hospital and care environment......Page 135
Assistance with eating and drinking......Page 136
Food provision......Page 138
Oral supplements......Page 139
Enteral (or tube) feeding......Page 140
Specific nursing care associated with enteral feeding......Page 141
Parenteral nutrition......Page 145
Clinical assessment of fluid balance......Page 146
Conclusion......Page 150
References......Page 151
Introduction......Page 154
The oral cavity......Page 156
Oesophagus......Page 157
Stomach......Page 158
Large intestine......Page 159
The accessory organs......Page 160
Care of patients with gastrointestinal disorders......Page 162
Renal system......Page 168
The prostate gland......Page 169
Care of patients with urological disorders......Page 170
Conclusions......Page 173
References......Page 175
Introduction......Page 176
Structure and function of the respiratory tract......Page 177
Assessment of respiration......Page 181
Measuring respiratory rate, depth and rhythm......Page 182
Respiratory sounds......Page 183
Observation of cough and sputum......Page 184
Other methods of assessing respiratory function......Page 187
Aerosols and nebulisers......Page 188
Some common respiratory diseases......Page 189
Conclusions......Page 193
References......Page 194
9 Personal Cleansing and Dressing......Page 196
Introduction......Page 197
Anatomy and physiology of the skin......Page 198
Cultural perspectives......Page 201
Nursing care......Page 202
Cleansing products......Page 205
Conclusions......Page 209
References......Page 210
10 An Ergonomic Approach to Safe Manual Handling......Page 213
Principles of safe handling and the biomechanics of back injury......Page 214
Ergonomics......Page 217
Risk assessment......Page 218
Controversial techniques and hazardous tasks......Page 224
The management of bariatric patients......Page 229
Conclusions......Page 231
References......Page 233
11 Maintaining Body Temperature......Page 235
Control of temperature......Page 236
Factors influencing body temperature......Page 237
Body heat considerations......Page 238
Body temperature......Page 243
Hypothermia......Page 245
Conclusions......Page 247
References......Page 248
12 Work and Leisure......Page 249
Introduction......Page 250
Employment and inequalities......Page 252
Unemployment......Page 253
Health and safety......Page 254
Informal carers......Page 255
Retirement......Page 256
Leisure......Page 257
Conclusions......Page 258
References......Page 259
13 The Sexual Being......Page 261
Introduction......Page 262
Policy and key drivers......Page 263
Defining key terms......Page 264
Assessing sexual health......Page 267
Approaches to assessment......Page 269
Older people’s sexuality and health......Page 271
Sexual problems......Page 272
Barriers to sexual discussion......Page 273
Conclusions......Page 276
References......Page 277
Introduction......Page 280
Physiology of sleep......Page 281
The states and stages of sleep......Page 282
Theories of the need for sleep......Page 283
Sleep needs over the life cycle......Page 285
Factors influencing sleep......Page 286
Common primary sleep disorders......Page 290
Promoting sleep......Page 292
Nursing assessment......Page 293
Conclusions......Page 294
References......Page 295
Introduction......Page 298
Death and dignity......Page 299
Palliative care......Page 300
Where to die......Page 302
Family involvement......Page 303
The needs of the dying patient......Page 304
Good practice in caring for patients and relatives/friends before death......Page 306
Procedures after death......Page 307
Last offices......Page 309
Cultural and religious beliefs......Page 310
Breaking bad news......Page 311
Conclusions......Page 315
References......Page 316
Appendix: Normal Values......Page 318
Index......Page 322