Nuclear Hazards in the World: Field Studies on Affected Populations and Environments

354025272X......Page 1
Nuclear Hazards\rin the World......Page 3
Copyright Page\r......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
Table of Contents\r......Page 10
1 Overview of Nuclear Disasters\r......Page 13
1.1 The Tragedy in Hiroshima......Page 14
1.2 Survivors......Page 16
1.3 Physical Phenomena of Nuclear Explosion......Page 18
1.4 The Fireball and Radioactive Cloud......Page 20
1.5 Nuclear Test Explosions......Page 21
1.6 Classification of Nuclear Explosions......Page 22
1.7. Nuclear Facility Accidents and Radiation Exposure......Page 24
1.8 Field Investigations of Nuclear Hazards......Page 25
REFERENCES......Page 27
2 Pollution around the Mayak Plutonium Production Complex......Page 28
2.1 A Brief History of the Radiological Hazards in the Southern Urals......Page 29
2.2.1 Muslyumovo (Techa River 1949-1956)......Page 31
2.2.2 Bashakul (Lake Karachay Trace 1967)......Page 33
2.2.3 Karabolka (EURT 1957)......Page 34
2.3 Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine......Page 35
2.3.1 Strontium-90 in the Body......Page 36
2.3.2 Cesium and Plutonium......Page 37
2.4 Summary......Page 38
REFERENCES......Page 39
3.1 A Brief History of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site......Page 40
3.2 Thermoluminescence Dosimetry for Exposed Bricks......Page 44
3.3 External Dose Reconstruction......Page 46
3.4 External Dose to Populations......Page 48
3.5 Present Status of Radiation in and around Test Sites......Page 50
3.6 Summary......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 54
4.1 A Brief History of the Nuclear Disaster on Rongelap Island......Page 56
4. 2 Resettlement Program of Rongelap Island 5)......Page 59
4.3 Radiation Survey of Rongelap Atoll in 1999......Page 60
4.3.1 Cesium-137 Body Burden in Workers......Page 63
4.4 Recovery from Nuclear Hazard on Rongelap Island and Islands to the North\r......Page 64
4.5 Summary......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 68
5.1 Industrial Application of Nuclear Explosions in the Former USSR......Page 69
5.2 Dam Construction Involving Nuclear Explosion......Page 71
5.3 Underground Nuclear Explosions in Sakha......Page 72
5.4 Radiological Conditions around Kraton-4......Page 74
5.5 Underground Radioactivity of Kraton-4......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 79
6.1 Historical Review of the Chemobyl Nuclear Disaster1)......Page 80
6.2 The 30-km Zone around Chernoby1 in 1996......Page 84
6.3.1 Field Work9)......Page 87
6.3.2 Estimation of Prospective Dose from 1997 to 2047......Page 90
6.3.3 Doses during 1986-1996......Page 92
6.4 Intervention of the Fonner USSR for Radiation Protection of theInhabitants7)......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 95
7.1 A Brief Review of the Tokaimura Criticality Accident......Page 97
7.2 Evacuation of Residents......Page 99
7.3 Directional Distribution of Radiation in the Residential Area......Page 100
7.4.1 Facts on Dose for the Residents......Page 102
7.4.2 Method of Dose Reconstruction for the Residents......Page 103
7.4.3 Confirmation of Dosimetry......Page 105
7.4.4 External Doses to 41 Houses West of the Accident Site......Page 106
7.5 Summary......Page 108
REFERENCES......Page 109
8.1 Concept of Nuclear Hazard......Page 111
8.2 Psychological Influence and Over-reaction in Society......Page 114
8.3 Summary of Nuclear Disasters Worldwide......Page 115
8.4 Radiological Status of Nuclear Hazards in the World......Page 117
8.5 Body Burden of Radioactivity for Residents in Nuclear Hazard Areas......Page 119
8.6 Decay of Local Radioactive Contamination Due to Environmental Factors\r......Page 120
8.7 Revival of Hiroshima......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 123
A1 Glossary......Page 124
A3 Metric Multiples and Submultiples......Page 125
A4 External and Internal Exposure from Radioactivity......Page 126
A6 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection and Related Values\r......Page 127
A7 Radiation Shield......Page 128
A8 Radiation Protection in Emergencies......Page 129
A9 Effects and Radiation Protection in the Case of Nuclear Weapons Terrorism\r......Page 131
A10 Nuclear Fuel Recycling\r......Page 132
Index......Page 137