Nuclear Energy: An Introduction to the Concepts, Systems, and Applications of Nuclear Processes

Preface to the Fifth Edition......Page 5
Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 7
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 9
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 11
Preface to the First Edition......Page 13
The Author......Page 15
Contents......Page 17
Part I......Page 25
1.1 Forces and Energy......Page 27
1.2 Thermal Energy......Page 29
1.3 Radiant Energy......Page 31
1.4 The Equivalence of Matter and Energy......Page 32
1.5 Energy and the World......Page 33
1.7 Exercises......Page 34
1.9 References for Chapter 1......Page 37
2.1 Atomic Theory......Page 38
2.3 The Atom and Light......Page 39
2.4 Laser Beams......Page 42
2.5 Nuclear Structure......Page 43
2.6 Sizes and Masses of Nuclei......Page 44
2.7 Binding Energy......Page 45
2.9 Exercises......Page 47
2.10 References for Chapter 2......Page 49
3.2 The Decay Law......Page 51
3.3 Radioactive Chains......Page 55
3.4 Measurement of Half-Life......Page 56
3.6 Exercises......Page 58
3.7 References for Chapter 3......Page 59
4.1 Transmutation of Elements......Page 61
4.2 Energy and Momentum Conservation......Page 63
4.3 Reaction Rates......Page 64
4.4 Particle Attenuation......Page 68
4.5 Neutron Cross Sections......Page 69
4.6 Neutron Migration......Page 71
4.8 Exercises......Page 76
4.9 References for Chapter 4......Page 79
5.1 Excitation and Ionization by Electrons......Page 81
5.2 Heavy Charged Particle Stopping by Matter......Page 82
5.3 Gamma Ray Interactions with Matter......Page 84
5.4 Neutron Reactions......Page 87
5.6 Exercises......Page 88
5.7 References for Chapter 5......Page 89
6.2 Energy Considerations......Page 91
6.3 Byproducts of Fission......Page 93
6.4 Energy from Nuclear Fuels......Page 97
6.7 References for Chapter 6......Page 98
7.1 Fusion Reactions......Page 100
7.2 Electrostatic and Nuclear Forces......Page 101
7.3 Thermonuclear Reactions in a Plasma......Page 102
7.6 References for Chapter 7......Page 105
Part II......Page 107
8.1 Electric and Magnetic Forces......Page 109
8.2 High-Voltage Machines......Page 110
8.3 Linear Accelerator......Page 111
8.4 Cyclotron and Betatron......Page 112
8.5 Synchrotron and Collider......Page 114
8.6 Spallation......Page 118
8.8 Exercises......Page 119
8.9 References for Chapter 8......Page 120
9.1 Mass Spectrograph......Page 123
9.2 Gaseous Diffusion Separator......Page 124
9.3 Gas Centrifuge......Page 129
9.4 Laser Isotope Separation......Page 131
9.5 Separation of Deuterium......Page 133
9.7 Exercises......Page 134
9.8 References for Chapter 9......Page 136
10 Radiation Detectors†......Page 138
10.1 Gas Counters......Page 139
10.2 Neutron Detectors......Page 140
10.3 Scintillation Counters......Page 142
10.4 Solid State Detectors......Page 143
10.5 Statistics of Counting......Page 144
10.6 Pulse Height Analysis......Page 146
10.7 Advanced Detectors......Page 147
10.9 Exercises......Page 148
10.10 References for Chapter 10......Page 150
11.2 Multiplication Factors......Page 152
11.3 Neutron Flux and Reactor Power......Page 158
11.4 Reactor Types......Page 159
11.5 Reactor Operation......Page 163
11.6 The Natural Reactor......Page 166
11.8 Exercises......Page 167
11.9 References for Chapter 11......Page 169
12.2 Heat Generation and Removal......Page 171
12.3 Steam Generation and Electrical Power Production......Page 176
12.4 Waste Heat Rejection......Page 177
12.6 Exercises......Page 183
12.7 References for Chapter 12......Page 184
13.1 The Concept of Breeding......Page 186
13.2 Isotope Production and Consumption......Page 188
13.3 The Fast Breeder Reactor......Page 189
13.4 Breeding and Uranium Resources......Page 193
13.7 References for Chapter 13......Page 196
14.1 Comparison of Fusion Reactions......Page 198
14.2 Requirements for Practical Fusion Reactors......Page 199
14.3 Magnetic Confinement Machines......Page 201
14.4 Inertial Confinement Machines......Page 205
14.5 Other Fusion Concepts......Page 209
14.6 Prospects for Fusion......Page 211
14.8 Exercises......Page 214
14.9 References for Chapter 14......Page 215
Part III......Page 219
15.1 The Rise of Nuclear Physics......Page 221
15.2 The Discovery of Fission......Page 222
15.3 The Development of Nuclear Weapons......Page 223
15.4 Reactor Research and Development......Page 226
15.5 The Nuclear Controversy......Page 228
15.7 References for Chapter 15......Page 230
16 Biological Effects of Radiation......Page 234
16.1 Physiological Effects......Page 235
16.2 Radiation Dose Units......Page 236
16.3 Basis for Limits of Exposure......Page 239
16.4 Sources of Radiation Dosage......Page 243
16.6 Exercises......Page 244
16.7 References for Chapter 16......Page 245
17 Information from Isotopes......Page 248
17.2 Tracer Techniques......Page 249
17.3 Radiopharmaceuticals......Page 251
17.4 Medical Imaging......Page 252
17.5 Radioimmunoassay......Page 253
17.6 Dating......Page 254
17.7 Neutron Activation Analysis......Page 255
17.8 Radiography......Page 260
17.9 Radiation Gauges......Page 262
17.11 Exercises......Page 265
17.12 References for Chapter 17......Page 266
18.1 Medical Treatment......Page 270
18.2 Radiation Preservation of Food......Page 272
18.3 Sterilization of Medical Supplies......Page 276
18.5 Crop Mutations......Page 277
18.6 Insect Control......Page 278
18.7 Applications in Chemistry......Page 279
18.9 Neutrons in Fundamental Physics......Page 280
18.10 Neutrons in Biological Studies......Page 282
18.11 Research with Synchrotron X-rays......Page 283
18.13 Exercises......Page 284
18.14 References for Chapter 18......Page 285
19.1 Neutron Population Growth......Page 288
19.2 Assurance of Safety......Page 292
19.3 Emergency Core Cooling and Containment......Page 298
19.4 Probabilistic Risk Assessment......Page 301
19.5 The Three Mile Island Accident and Lessons Learned......Page 305
19.6 The Chernobyl Accident......Page 309
19.7 Philosophy of Safety......Page 313
19.9 Exercises......Page 315
19.10 References for Chapter 19......Page 318
20.1 Reactors for Naval Propulsion†......Page 322
20.2 Space Reactors......Page 324
20.3 Space Isotopic Power......Page 326
20.4 Future Nuclear Space Applications......Page 329
20.7 References for Chapter 20......Page 333
21.1 Protective Measures......Page 336
21.2 Calculation of Dose......Page 338
21.3 Effects of Distance and Shielding......Page 339
21.4 Internal Exposure......Page 345
21.5 The Radon Problem......Page 346
21.6 Environmental Radiological Assessment†......Page 347
21.7 Newer Radiation Standards......Page 349
21.9 Exercises......Page 352
21.10 References for Chapter 21......Page 354
22.1 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle......Page 357
22.2 Waste Classification......Page 359
22.3 Spent Fuel Storage......Page 360
22.4 Transportation......Page 363
22.5 Reprocessing......Page 364
22.6 High-Level Waste Disposal......Page 367
22.7 Low-Level Waste Generation, Treatment, and Disposal......Page 372
22.8 Environmental Restoration of Defense Sites......Page 379
22.9 Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning......Page 380
22.11 Exercises......Page 382
22.12 References for Chapter 22......Page 384
23.1 The Atomic Energy Acts......Page 388
23.2 The Environmental Protection Agency......Page 389
23.3 The Nuclear Regulatory Commission......Page 390
23.4 The Department of Energy......Page 392
23.5 International Atomic Energy Agency......Page 393
23.6 Institute of Nuclear Power Operations......Page 394
23.7 Other Organizations......Page 397
23.8 Energy Policy Act......Page 400
23.10 References for Chapter 23......Page 403
24.1 Components of Electrical Power Cost......Page 407
24.2 Forecasts and Reality......Page 410
24.3 Challenges and Opportunities†......Page 413
24.4 Technical and Institutional Improvements......Page 416
24.5 Effect of Deregulation and Restructuring......Page 420
24.6 Advanced Reactors......Page 422
24.8 Exercises......Page 425
24.9 References for Chapter 24......Page 426
25 International Nuclear Power......Page 429
25.2 Western Europe......Page 430
25.3 Eastern Europe and the CIS......Page 434
25.4 The Far East......Page 436
25.5 Other Countries......Page 438
25.7 References for Chapter 25......Page 440
26.1 Nuclear Power vs. Nuclear Weapons......Page 443
26.2 Nuclear Explosives......Page 444
26.3 The Prevention of Nuclear War......Page 450
26.4 Nonproliferation and Safeguards......Page 453
26.5 IAEA Inspections......Page 455
26.6 Production of Tritium......Page 456
26.7 Management of Weapons Uranium and Plutonium......Page 457
26.9 Exercises......Page 459
26.10 References for Chapter 26......Page 460
27 The Future......Page 463
27.1 Dimensions......Page 464
27.2 World Energy Use......Page 465
27.3 Nuclear Energy and Sustainable Development......Page 467
27.4 Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change......Page 470
27.5 Perspectives......Page 472
27.6 Research and Development......Page 476
27.9 References for Chapter 27......Page 479
appendix......Page 485
Index......Page 495