Nuclear Corrosion Modelling. The Nature of CRUD

Copyright......Page 2
Bounding the Discussion......Page 3
Materials of Construction......Page 4
Clarifying the Definition......Page 5
The Analytical Domain......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
The Corrosion Source......Page 10
Mass Balances......Page 42
The Form......Page 11
Why a Double-Layered Film?......Page 12
Ion Site Preference......Page 14
Modeling the Behavior......Page 16
Temperature......Page 18
Zinc in the Aqueous Phase......Page 19
Surface Condition......Page 20
The Experimental Technique......Page 22
Computation of the Actual kr......Page 29
Elemental Speciation......Page 30
The Cobalt Source......Page 31
Tramp Cobalt in Construction Material......Page 32
High Cobalt Content Alloys......Page 33
Stellite......Page 34
The Cobalt Source Mechanism......Page 36
Modeling the Cobalt Source......Page 38
A Place to Start......Page 39
Framing the Vision of the General Equation Set......Page 41
Nuclear Processes......Page 43
Modeling Coolant Additives and pH Control Agents......Page 47
Building Block Fluxes for the General Equation Set......Page 50
Corrosion Growth and Release......Page 51
Particulate Deposition and Erosion......Page 52
Practical Measurements of kdp and ke......Page 55
Hydrothermal Crystallization/Dissolution......Page 57
Saturated or Equilibrium Coolant Concentrations......Page 58
Vanishing Dependent Variables......Page 61
Parsing the Hydrothermal Mass Transfer......Page 62
Modeling of Boiling Phenomena......Page 63
Boiling Enhanced Hydrothermal Crystallization......Page 64
Hydrothermal Particulate Crystallization/Dissolution......Page 65
Saturation Enhancement Factor......Page 66
Hydrothermal Particulate Mass Transfer Coefficient......Page 68
Effective Thermal Neutron Production Cross Sections......Page 69
The General Equation Set......Page 71
Discussion......Page 72
Ferrite Layer Equations......Page 73
Particulate Aqueous Phase Equations......Page 74
Iron- and Nickel-Based Alloy Soluble Equations......Page 75
Zircaloy Base Metal Soluble Equations......Page 76
Discussion......Page 77
Reactor Coolant Purification Systems......Page 79
Modeling Media......Page 80
Filtration Building Block Model......Page 81
Discussion......Page 82
Selecting New Structural Materials......Page 83
A Simpler Approach......Page 84
Ion-Exchange Building Block Model......Page 86
Discussion......Page 87
The Media Equation Set......Page 90
Media Ionic Subsurface Equations (Ion Exchangers Only)......Page 91
Input Prescanning......Page 128
Media Particulate Equations......Page 92
Discussion......Page 93
Media Soluble Equations......Page 94
Discussion......Page 95
A Solution Method......Page 96
Linearizing the Equation Sets......Page 97
Finite Differencing......Page 99
General Equations for Iron in Iron- and Nickel-Based Alloys......Page 100
Simplified Linearized Iron Equations......Page 101
How Does Finite Differencing Work?......Page 103
Defining Y(n) and b(n,m)......Page 105
Subordinate or Secondary Models and Correlations......Page 109
Single-Phase Hydraulic Friction Factor......Page 110
System Defaults and Program Control Inputs......Page 112
Finite Difference Mesh......Page 113
Time-Independent Part (or Region) Inputs......Page 115
Operating History Histogram Inputs......Page 119
The Modeling of Time......Page 120
Initial Dependent Variable Boundary Conditions......Page 121
Time-Dependent Part Inputs......Page 122
Nuclear Inputs and Power Shapes......Page 124
Program Design and Suggestions......Page 125
Input Module......Page 127
Full Input Summary Edits......Page 130
Automesh Generation......Page 131
Restart Input Processing......Page 135
The Restart File Structure......Page 136
Loop 1-Operating Steps......Page 139
Keeping Track of Time......Page 141
Loop 3-Descending the Loop Connection Table......Page 142
Loop 4-The Innermost Loop over Mesh Cells......Page 143
Dynamic Solution Repair......Page 144
Consider a Freezing Strategy......Page 145
A Word about Convergence......Page 146
Preserving the Mass Balance......Page 147
Partial Row Rebalance......Page 149
Oscillatory Solutions......Page 150
Special Case Mass Rebalance......Page 154
Summary Tables......Page 156
Output Module......Page 157
Summary......Page 158
Pre- and Postprocessing (the GUI Interface)......Page 160
Postprocessing Functionality......Page 161
Special Solution Edits......Page 162
Summary......Page 163
Optimizing a Coolant Purification System......Page 165
Designing a More Effective Purification System......Page 168
What Can Be Learned by Simulation Testing of This Design?......Page 170
Afterword......Page 175
Zinc Equilibria......Page 176
Steam table and related hydraulic quantities......Page 177
Dimensionless numbers......Page 178
Glossary......Page 179
References\r......Page 181
About the Author......Page 183
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I......Page 189
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O......Page 191
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W......Page 194
Z......Page 195