Nuclear and particle physics : an introduction

Nuclear and Particle Physics
Contents
Preface
Notes
	References
	Data
	Problems
	Illustrations
	Website
1 Basic concepts
	1.1 History
		1.1.1 The origins of nuclear physics
		1.1.2 The emergence of particle physics: hadrons and quarks
		1.1.3 The standard model of particle physics
	1.2 Relativity and antiparticles
	1.3 Space-time symmetries and conservation laws
		1.3.1 Parity
		1.3.2 Charge conjugation
		1.3.3 Time reversal
	1.4 Interactions and Feynman diagrams
		1.4.1 Interactions
		1.4.2 Feynman diagrams
	1.5 Particle exchange: forces and potentials
		1.5.1 Range of forces
		1.5.2 The Yukawa potential
	1.6 Observable quantities: cross-sections and decay rates
		1.6.1 Amplitudes
		1.6.2 Cross-sections
		1.6.3 The basic scattering formulas
		1.6.4 Unstable states
	1.7 Units
	Problems 1
2 Nuclear phenomenology
	2.1 Mass spectroscopy
		2.1.1 Deflection spectrometers
		2.1.2 Kinematic analysis
		2.1.3 Penning trap measurements
	2.2 Nuclear shapes and sizes
		2.2.1 Charge distribution
		2.2.2 Matter distribution
	2.3 Semi-empirical mass formula: the liquid drop model
		2.3.1 Binding energies
		2.3.2 Semi-empirical mass formula
	2.4 Nuclear instability
	2.5 Decay chains
	2.6 β decay phenomenology
		2.6.1 Odd-mass nuclei
		2.6.2 Even-mass nuclei
	2.7 Fission
	2.8 γ decays
	2.9 Nuclear reactions
	Problems 2
3 Particle phenomenology
	3.1 Leptons
		3.1.1 Lepton multiplets and lepton numbers
		3.1.2 Universal lepton interactions; the number of neutrinos
		3.1.3 Neutrinos
		3.1.4 Neutrino mixing and oscillations
		3.1.5 Oscillation experiments
		3.1.6 Neutrino masses and mixing angles
		3.1.7 Lepton numbers revisited
	3.2 Quarks
		3.2.1 Evidence for quarks
		3.2.2 Quark generations and quark numbers
	3.3 Hadrons
		3.3.1 Flavour independence and charge multiplets
		3.3.2 The simple quark model
		3.3.3 Hadron decays and lifetimes
		3.3.4 Hadron magnetic moments and masses
		3.3.5 Heavy quarkonia
		3.3.6 Allowed and exotic quantum numbers
	Problems 3
4 Experimental methods
	4.1 Overview
	4.2 Accelerators and beams
		4.2.1 DC accelerators
		4.2.2 AC accelerators
		4.2.3 Neutral and unstable particle beams
	4.3 Particle interactions with matter
		4.3.1 Short-range interactions with nuclei
		4.3.2 Ionisation energy losses
		4.3.3 Radiation energy losses
		4.3.4 Interactions of photons in matter
		4.3.5 Ranges and interaction lengths
	4.4 Particle detectors
		4.4.1 Gaseous ionisation detectors
		4.4.2 Scintillation counters
		4.4.3 Semiconductor detectors
		4.4.4 Cerenkov counters and transition radiation
		4.4.5 Calorimeters
	4.5 Detector Systems
	Problems 4
5 Quark dynamics: the strong interaction
	5.1 Colour
	5.2 Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
		5.2.1 The strong coupling constant
		5.2.2 Screening, antiscreening and asymptotic freedom
	5.3 New forms of matter
		5.3.1 Exotic hadrons
		5.3.2 The quark–gluon plasma
	5.4 Jets and gluons
		5.4.1 Colour counting
	5.5 Deep inelastic scattering and nucleon structure
		5.5.1 Scaling
		5.5.2 The quark–parton model
		5.5.3 Scaling violations and parton distributions
		5.5.4 Inelastic neutrino scattering
	5.6 Other processes
		5.6.1 Jets
		5.6.2 Lepton pair production
	5.7 Current and constituent quarks
	Problems 5
6 Weak interactions and electroweak unification
	6.1 Charged and neutral currents
	6.2 Charged current reactions
		6.2.1 W±–lepton interactions
		6.2.2 Lepton–quark symmetry and mixing
		6.2.3 W-boson decays
		6.2.4 Charged current selection rules
	6.3 The third generation
		6.3.1 More quark mixing
		6.3.2 Properties of the top quark
	6.4 Neutral currents and the unified theory
		6.4.1 Electroweak unification
		6.4.2 The Z0 vertices and electroweak reactions
	6.5 Gauge invariance and the Higgs boson
		6.5.1 Unification and the gauge principle
		6.5.2 Particle masses and the Higgs field
		6.5.3 Properties of the Higgs boson
		6.5.4 Discovery of the Higgs boson
	Problems 6
7 Symmetry breaking in the weak interaction
	7.1 P violation, C violation, and CP conservation
		7.1.1 Muon decay symmetries
		7.1.2 Parity violation in electroweak processes
	7.2 Spin structure of the weak interactions
		7.2.1 Left-handed neutrinos and right-handed antineutrinos
		7.2.2 Particles with mass: chirality
	7.3 Neutral kaons: particle–antiparticle mixing and CP violation
		7.3.1 CP invariance and neutral kaons
		7.3.2 CP violation in  decay
		7.3.3 Flavour oscillations and CPT invariance
	7.4 CP violation and flavour oscillations in B decays
		7.4.1 Direct CP violation in decay rates
		7.4.2 B0 − ¯B0 mixing
		7.4.3 CP violation in interference
	7.5 CP violation in the standard model
	Problems 7
8 Models and theories of nuclear physics
	8.1 The nucleon–nucleon potential
	8.2 Fermi gas model
	8.3 Shell model
		8.3.1 Shell structure of atoms
		8.3.2 Nuclear shell structure and magic numbers
		8.3.3 Spins, parities, and magnetic dipole moments
		8.3.4 Excited states
	8.4 Nonspherical nuclei
		8.4.1 Electric quadrupole moments
		8.4.2 Collective model
	8.5 Summary of nuclear structure models
	8.6 α decay
	8.7 β decay
		8.7.1 V − A theory
		8.7.2 Electron and positron momentum distributions
		8.7.3 Selection rules
		8.7.4 Applications of Fermi theory
	8.8 γ decay
		8.8.1 Selection rules
		8.8.2 Transition rates
	Problems 8
9 Applications of nuclear and particle physics
	9.1 Fission
		9.1.1 Induced fission and chain reactions
		9.1.2 Thermal fission reactors
		9.1.3 Radioactive waste
		9.1.4 Power from ADS systems
	9.2 Fusion
		9.2.1 Coulomb barrier
		9.2.2 Fusion reaction rates
		9.2.3 Nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution
		9.2.4 Fusion reactors
	9.3 Nuclear weapons
		9.3.1 Fission devices
		9.3.2 Fission/fusion devices
	9.4 Biomedical applications
		9.4.1 Radiation and living matter
		9.4.2 Radiation therapy
		9.4.3 Medical imaging using ionising radiation
		9.4.4 Magnetic resonance imaging
	9.5 Further applications
		9.5.1 Computing and data analysis
		9.5.2 Archaeology and geophysics
		9.5.3 Accelerators and detectors
		9.5.4 Industrial applications
	Problems 9
10 Some outstanding questions and future prospects
	10.1 Overview
	10.2 Hadrons and nuclei
		10.2.1 Hadron structure and the nuclear environment
		10.2.2 Nuclear structure
	10.3 Unification schemes
		10.3.1 Grand unification
		10.3.2 Supersymmetry
		10.3.3 Strings and things
	10.4 The nature of the neutrino
		10.4.1 Neutrinoless double beta decay
	10.5 Particle astrophysics
		10.5.1 Neutrino astrophysics
		10.5.2 Cosmology and dark matter
		10.5.3 Matter–antimatter asymmetry
		10.5.4 Axions and the strong CP problem
Appendix A Some results in quantum mechanics
	A.1 Barrier penetration
	A.2 Density of states
	A.3 Perturbation theory and the Second Golden Rule
	A.4 Isospin formalism
		A.4.1 Isospin operators and quark states
		A.4.2 Hadron states
	Problems A
Appendix B Relativistic kinematics
	B.1 Lorentz transformations and four-vectors
	B.2 Frames of reference
	B.3 Invariants
	Problems B
Appendix C Rutherford scattering
	C.1 Classical physics
	C.2 Quantum mechanics
	Problems C
Appendix D Gauge theories
	D.1 Gauge invariance and the standard model
		D.1.1 Electromagnetism and the gauge principle
		D.1.2 The standard model
	D.2 Particle masses and the Higgs field
	Problems D
Appendix E Short answers to selected problems
	Problems 1
	Problems 2
	Problems 3
	Problems 4
	Problems 5
	Problems 6
	Problems 7
	Problems 8
	Problems 9
	Problems A
	Problems B
	Problems C
References
Index
Inside Rear Cover: Table of constants and conversion factors
EULA