Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Chinese Medicines

Editorial Board
Preface
Marketing Text
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: A Historical Overview and Concepts of Chinese Medicine Preparations and Novel Delivery Systems
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Characteristics of Chinese Medicines
		1.2.1 Medicinal Materials´ Growing Areas and Geo-Authentic Medicinal Materials (Daodi Yaocai)
		1.2.2 Harvesting of Chinese Medicinal Materials
		1.2.3 Processing of Medicinal Materials
		1.2.4 Compatibility of Chinese Medicines
	1.3 Active Substances of Chinese Medicine Preparations
		1.3.1 Diversity of the Active Substances of Chinese Medicine Preparations
			1.3.1.1 Diversity of Source
			1.3.1.2 Diversity of Ingredients and Effects
			1.3.1.3 Diversity of Factors Affecting the Quality
		1.3.2 Types of Active Substances of Chinese Medicine Preparations
			1.3.2.1 Decoction Pieces
			1.3.2.2 Volatile Oil and Fatty Oil
			1.3.2.3 Extracts
			1.3.2.4 Active Ingredients
		1.3.3 Preparation of Active Substances of Chinese Medicine Preparations
			1.3.3.1 Pretreatment of Chinese Medicinal Materials
			1.3.3.2 Extraction
			1.3.3.3 Separation and Purification
			1.3.3.4 Concentration and Drying
	1.4 NDDS of Chinese Medicines
		1.4.1 Design of NDDS for Chinese Medicines
		1.4.2 NDDS Technologies Used in Chinese Medicines
			1.4.2.1 Oral Sustained-Release Systems
			1.4.2.2 Sustained-Release Systems for Intravenous Administration
			1.4.2.3 In Situ Forming Drug Delivery Systems
			1.4.2.4 Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
			1.4.2.5 Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems
			1.4.2.6 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
			1.4.2.7 Smart Drug Delivery Systems
	1.5 Novel Pharmaceutical Technologies for Chinese Medicines
		1.5.1 Inclusion Compounds
		1.5.2 Solid Dispersion
		1.5.3 Microcapsules and Microspheres
		1.5.4 Pharmaceutical Nanotechnologies
	1.6 Multi-Component Drug Delivery System
	1.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Multi-Component Drug Delivery Systems for Chinese Medicines Based on the TCM Theory
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Properties of Components
		2.2.1 Medicine Properties of Components
			2.2.1.1 Four Natures of Components
			2.2.1.2 Five Tastes of Components
			2.2.1.3 Channel Tropism of Components
			2.2.1.4 Ascending and Descending of Components
			2.2.1.5 Toxic of Components
		2.2.2 Physical Properties of Components
			2.2.2.1 Physicochemical Properties and Structure Characteristics of Components
			2.2.2.2 ADME Properties and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Components
			2.2.2.3 Pharmaceutical Properties of Components
	2.3 Unit Preparation Techniques for Components
		2.3.1 Solubilization of Difficult Soluble Components
		2.3.2 Strategies to Improve or to Promote the Permeability of Components
			2.3.2.1 Increasing Mucosal Permeability of Components
			2.3.2.2 Promoting Cellular Permeability of Components
			2.3.2.3 Other Ways to Improve the Permeability of Components
		2.3.3 New Ideas for the Design of Component Unit Preparation
			2.3.3.1 Utilization of Physicochemical Synergy Between Components
			2.3.3.2 Using Suitable Carrier to Transport Components
	2.4 Design of MCDDS
		2.4.1 Design of MCDDS Based on MPCs
			2.4.1.1 Design Based on CFN
			2.4.1.2 Design Based on CFT
			2.4.1.3 Design Based on CCT
			2.4.1.4 Design Based on CAD
			2.4.1.5 Design Based on CT
		2.4.2 Design Based on the Characteristics of a Disease
			2.4.2.1 According to the Priority of Syndromes of a Disease
			2.4.2.2 According to the Rhythm of Pathophysiology
		2.4.3 Difficulties in the Design of MCDDS
	2.5 Establishing a Scientific Evaluation System for MCDDS
		2.5.1 The Evaluations of MCDDS in Vitro
		2.5.2 The Evaluations for MCDDS in Vivo
		2.5.3 The Evaluations for Toxicity and Side Effects of MCDDS
	2.6 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
Chapter 3: Sustained-Release Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Medicines
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Sustained Delivery of Various Bioactive Ingredients from Chinese Medicine
		3.2.1 Sustained Delivery of Bioactive Alkaloids
		3.2.2 Sustained Delivery of Bioactive Glycosides
		3.2.3 Sustained Delivery of Bioactive Phenolic Acids
		3.2.4 Sustained Delivery of Bioactive Polysaccharides
		3.2.5 Others
	3.3 Sustained-Release Preparations of TCM Compound Recipes
		3.3.1 Membrane-Controlled Type
		3.3.2 Matrix Type
		3.3.3 Osmotic Type
		3.3.4 Intragastric Floating Type
	3.4 The Quality Evaluation of Sustained-Release DDSs of Chinese Medicines
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Transdermal Delivery of Chinese Medicine
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Chinese Medicine Essential Oils as Penetration Enhancers
		4.2.1 Mechanism of Penetration Enhancement
		4.2.2 Role of ``Four Natures´´
		4.2.3 Percutaneous Absorption of EO Components
	4.3 Techniques in Increasing Physical Penetration
		4.3.1 Microneedles
		4.3.2 Iontophoresis
		4.3.3 Sonophoresis
		4.3.4 Cupping Therapy
	4.4 Nanocarriers for Transdermal Delivery of Chinese Medicine
		4.4.1 Liposomes
		4.4.2 Nanoparticles
		4.4.3 Nanoemulsions
	4.5 Transdermal Evaluation Technique
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: The Contribution of Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound in Nasal Drug Delivery System
	5.1 Nasal Therapy Under Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory
	5.2 The Understanding of Nasal Therapy in Western Natural Medicine
	5.3 Development in Anatomy
	5.4 Development of Modern Preparations
		5.4.1 Nasal Drops
		5.4.2 Aerosols and Sprays
		5.4.3 Gelling Agent and in Situ Gel
		5.4.4 Microemulsion
		5.4.5 Liposome
		5.4.6 Nanoparticles
		5.4.7 Summary
	5.5 The Combination of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Modern Preparations
		5.5.1 Inclusive Compound Preparation Technology
		5.5.2 Solid Dispersion Technology
		5.5.3 Microsphere Preparation Technology
		5.5.4 Nanotechnology
	5.6 Problems and Prospects
		5.6.1 Problems
		5.6.2 Prospects
	References
Chapter 6: Brain-Targeting Drug Delivery Systems for Chinese Medicines
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Physiological Barrier of the Brain for Drug Delivery
	6.3 Brain-Targeting Drug Delivery Strategies for Chinese Medicines
		6.3.1 Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems
		6.3.2 Brain Penetration Enhancers
			6.3.2.1 Aromatic Penetration Enhancers from Chinese Medicines
			6.3.2.2 Non-aromatic Penetration Enhancers from Chinese Medicines
			6.3.2.3 Vasoactive Substances
		6.3.3 Prodrug Delivery Systems
			6.3.3.1 Ligand Modification
			6.3.3.2 Chemical Modification
		6.3.4 Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems
		6.3.5 Other Drug Delivery Systems
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Chinese Herbal Medicine and Targeted Delivery Strategy for the Treatment of Kidney Disease
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Structure and Physiological Function of the Kidney
		7.2.1 Structure
			7.2.1.1 Renal Corpuscle
			7.2.1.2 Renal Tubules
	7.3 Chinese Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of CKD
		7.3.1 Huangqi (Astragali Radix)
		7.3.2 Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma)
		7.3.3 Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma)
		7.3.4 Leigongteng (Radix et Rhizoma Tripterygii)
		7.3.5 Danggui (Angelica Sinensis Radix)
		7.3.6 Others
	7.4 Kidney-Targeted Delivery Strategy
		7.4.1 Targeting Glomerulus
			7.4.1.1 Targeting Mesangial Cell
			7.4.1.2 Targeting Podocytes
		7.4.2 Targeting Proximal Tubules
			7.4.2.1 Targeting Megalin and Cubilin Receptors
			7.4.2.2 Targeting Folate Receptor
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Liposomes and Their Application in the Delivery of Herbal Active Ingredients
	8.1 History of Liposomes
	8.2 The Composition of Liposomes
		8.2.1 Liposomal Vesicles (Lipid Vesicles)
		8.2.2 The Composition of Liposomes
	8.3 Preparation
		8.3.1 Relationship Between the Type and the Preparation Method
		8.3.2 Method of Preparation
		8.3.3 Surface Modification
		8.3.4 Loading or Entrapment of Drugs
	8.4 The Qualities of Liposomes
		8.4.1 Liposomes Membrane
		8.4.2 Entrapped Volume and Capture Efficiency
		8.4.3 The Morphology and Size of Liposomes
			8.4.3.1 Selective Permeability and Fluidity Permeability
		8.4.4 Charges, pH, and Calcium
		8.4.5 Stability and Storage
	8.5 The Application of Liposomes in Chinese Medicine
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Microparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Chinese Medicines
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Types and Components of Microparticles of Chinese Medicine
		9.2.1 Core Materials
		9.2.2 Coating Materials
	9.3 Fabrication of Microparticulate DDS of Chinese Medicine
		9.3.1 Solvent Evaporation
		9.3.2 Coacervation
		9.3.3 Spray Drying Method
		9.3.4 Other Methods
			9.3.4.1 Supercritical Fluid Technique
			9.3.4.2 Hydrogel-Template Technique
	9.4 Characterization of Microparticulate DDS of Chinese Medicine
		9.4.1 Particle Size and Size Distribution
		9.4.2 Morphology and Structure
		9.4.3 Drug Loading Capacity and Release Pattern
		9.4.4 Drug-Excipient Interaction
	9.5 Application of Microparticulate DDS of Chinese Medicine
		9.5.1 Solidification and Powderization
		9.5.2 Prolonged-Release for Improved Bioavailability
		9.5.3 Targeted or Site-Specific Drug Delivery
		9.5.4 Biomedical Engineering
		9.5.5 Other Applications
	9.6 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
Chapter 10: Hydrogels for Delivery of Chinese Medicines
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Effects of Hydrogels in Improving In Vivo Efficacies of Drugs
		10.2.1 Sustained Release
		10.2.2 Enhancing Local Drug Content
		10.2.3 Multi-drug Synergy
		10.2.4 Increasing the Stability of Drugs
		10.2.5 Stimuli-Triggered Drug Release
		10.2.6 Increasing the Fraction of the Drugs´ Active Form
	10.3 Classification and Gelation Mechanisms of Hydrogels
		10.3.1 Chemical Crosslinking Hydrogels
		10.3.2 Physical Crosslinking Hydrogels
			10.3.2.1 Ionic Interactions
			10.3.2.2 Hydrophobic Interactions
			10.3.2.3 Hydrogen Bonds
			10.3.2.4 Formation of Crystallites
			10.3.2.5 Inclusion Complexation
	10.4 Characterization of Hydrogels
		10.4.1 Rheology
		10.4.2 Phase Diagram
		10.4.3 Morphology
			10.4.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscope
			10.4.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscope
			10.4.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy
	10.5 Hydrogel Systems for Delivering Active Ingredients of Chinese Medicines
		10.5.1 Injectable Hydrogels
			10.5.1.1 Cartilage Regeneration
			10.5.1.2 Cancer Treatments
		10.5.2 Topical Hydrogels
			10.5.2.1 Atopic Dermatitis
			10.5.2.2 Wound Healing
			10.5.2.3 Analgesia
		10.5.3 Cavitary Hydrogels
			10.5.3.1 Nasal Hydrogel
			10.5.3.2 Vaginal Hydrogel
		10.5.4 Ophthalmic Hydrogel
		10.5.5 Oral Hydrogel
	10.6 Chinese Medicine-Skeleton Hydrogels
	10.7 Discussion and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 11: Cocrystallization and Coamorphization for Druggability Enhancement of Chinese Medicines
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Definition and Classification
	11.3 Preparation of Cocrystal and Coamorphous Systems
		11.3.1 Preparation of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals
			11.3.1.1 Solvent Evaporation Technique
			11.3.1.2 Solid-State Grinding Technique
			11.3.1.3 Liquid-Assisted Grinding
			11.3.1.4 Slurring Technique
			11.3.1.5 Antisolvent Cocrystallization
			11.3.1.6 Intermediate Phase or Form Transformations
		11.3.2 Preparation of Coamorphous Systems
			11.3.2.1 Solvent Evaporation
			11.3.2.2 Quench Cooling
			11.3.2.3 Spray-Drying
			11.3.2.4 Freeze-Drying
			11.3.2.5 Hot-Melt Extrusion
			11.3.2.6 Ball Milling
			11.3.2.7 Cryomilling
			11.3.2.8 Liquid-Assisted Grinding
	11.4 Improving the Druggability of Chinese Medicines
		11.4.1 Solubility
		11.4.2 Dissolution Rate
		11.4.3 Stability
			11.4.3.1 Physical Stability
			11.4.3.2 Chemical Stability
		11.4.4 Mechanical Properties
		11.4.5 Taste Masking
		11.4.6 Permeability
		11.4.7 In Vivo Performance
	11.5 Characterizations of Cocrystal and Coamorphous Systems
		11.5.1 X-Ray Diffraction
		11.5.2 Thermal Analysis
		11.5.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy
			11.5.3.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
			11.5.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy
		11.5.4 Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
		11.5.5 Others
	11.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 12: Application of Insoluble Excipients in Solid Dispersion of Chinese Medicines
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Insoluble Excipients of Solid Dispersions
		12.2.1 Silica
		12.2.2 Hydroxyapatite
		12.2.3 Calcium Carbonate
		12.2.4 Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
		12.2.5 Superdisintegrant
	12.3 Preparation Methods of Solid Dispersion with Insoluble Excipients
		12.3.1 Melting Method
		12.3.2 Solvent Method
			12.3.2.1 Rotary Evaporation and Vacuum Drying
			12.3.2.2 Spray Drying Technology
			12.3.2.3 Freeze-Drying
			12.3.2.4 Electrostatic Spinning
		12.3.3 Solubility Adjustment Method
		12.3.4 Melting-Solvent Method
	12.4 Application Form of Wxcipients
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: 3D Printed Drug Delivery: An Appealing Trend for Chinese Medicines
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 3D Printing Technology
		13.2.1 Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA)
		13.2.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
		13.2.3 Fused Deposition Modeling Printing
		13.2.4 Inkjet Printing
	13.3 Advantages of 3D Printing in Chinese Medicine Preparations
		13.3.1 Simplify the Preparation Process of Chinese Medicines
		13.3.2 Improve Stability and Taste Masking of Volatile Materials
		13.3.3 Realize Precise Medication and Individualized Administration
	13.4 Application of 3D Printing Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicines
		13.4.1 New Preparations of Chinese Medicines
		13.4.2 Functional Foods of Chinese Medicines
		13.4.3 Medical Devices of Chinese Medicines
	13.5 Challenges of 3D Printing in Chinese Medicine Preparation
		13.5.1 More Printing Materials for Chinese Medicine Are Needed
		13.5.2 Improve Quality Control and Production Supervision
		13.5.3 Insufficient Investment in 3D Printing Technology
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery: How Compatible It Is for TCM Drug Delivery
	14.1 Advances in Nanotechnology
		14.1.1 Nanometerization of Active Ingredients
			14.1.1.1 Nanosuspension
			14.1.1.2 Nano Co-crystal
		14.1.2 Use of Nano-carriers
			14.1.2.1 Liposome
			14.1.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
			14.1.2.3 Nanoemulsion
			14.1.2.4 Cyclodextrin-Drug Inclusion Complex
			14.1.2.5 Micelles
	14.2 Nanotechnology Improves the Bioavailability of Active Ingredients of Chinese Medicines
		14.2.1 Improve the Solubility of the Effective Ingredients of Chinese Medicines
		14.2.2 Improve the Permeability of the Effective Ingredients of Chinese Medicines
		14.2.3 Improves the Bioavailability of the Effective Ingredients of Chinese Medicines
	14.3 Improve the Transdermal and Mucosal Absorption of Active Ingredients of Chinese Medicines
		14.3.1 Improve the Transdermal Absorption
		14.3.2 Improve the Mucosal Absorption
	14.4 Conclusion
	References