Not Quite White: Lebanese and the White Australia Policy

CONTENTS......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Foreword:......Page 8
Unwilling alien......Page 14
Syrian/Lebanese......Page 15
Writing Lebanese into Australian history......Page 16
The key role of archival research......Page 17
Organisation......Page 18
The impact of immigration restriction......Page 20
A family movement......Page 21
Constructed identity......Page 22
Village ties......Page 23
Religion......Page 24
Socioeconomic background......Page 25
Western style education......Page 26
Characteristics of the early , Australian diasporic community......Page 27
Destination......Page 30
Reasons for migration......Page 31
A visible minority......Page 32
Conclusion......Page 33
Access to citizenship - opposite ends of a continuum......Page 34
Lebanese aliens in colonial Queensland - a study of racially based discrimination......Page 35
Obstructing access to naturalization......Page 36
Single Asiatic males banned from citizenship......Page 38
Circumventing discriminatory legislation......Page 39
Enforcing the Aliens Act......Page 41
Conclusion......Page 43
Desirable or undesirable?......Page 44
A special case......Page 46
Selected entry......Page 48
Prohibited Immigrants......Page 49
The White Australia Policy......Page 53
The Naturalization Act......Page 54
Aboriginal natives of Asia......Page 55
Racial exclusion from citizenship......Page 56
Challenging categorization as 'aboriginal natives of Asia'......Page 58
White and Christian......Page 59
A bureaucratic dilemma......Page 60
Conclusion......Page 63
Employment......Page 64
Citizenship......Page 65
Settlers not sojourners......Page 66
Circumventing the legislation......Page 68
Administering the White Australia Policy......Page 73
Is he a coloured man?......Page 77
Bureaucratic ambivalence......Page 79
Second class citizens......Page 81
Enemy aliens......Page 82
Conclusion......Page 85
Lebanese Occupational Pathways : Making the Best of Limited Options......Page 88
Self-employed traders......Page 89
Lebanese men and hawking......Page 91
Lebanese women and hawking......Page 93
Family enterprise......Page 97
Traders by nature or circumstance?......Page 98
Conclusion......Page 104
No Asian hawkers!......Page 106
Protecting white traders: a Queensland case study......Page 107
The agrarian ideal......Page 111
White workers and white traders preferred......Page 112
Invoice-salting Syrians......Page 113
A negative image......Page 116
Conclusion......Page 117
Lebanese settlement in Queensland......Page 118
Starting out......Page 120
Maintaining the family......Page 122
A geographic cluster......Page 123
Family support......Page 124
Extended family as a determinant of migration......Page 125
Village connections......Page 127
Conclusion......Page 128
The sample......Page 130
Learning English......Page 131
Forsaking Arabic......Page 135
Religion and acceptance......Page 138
The importance of being Christian......Page 139
Religious practice......Page 140
The strength of the family reinforced......Page 144
The importance of whiteness......Page 145
Ignoring the past......Page 147
Reconstructing identity in an intolerant environment......Page 149
Conclusion......Page 150
Chapter 9: Conclusion......Page 152
Bibliography......Page 158
Endnotes......Page 172
Index......Page 210