North Sámi: An Essential Grammar

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Sámi within the Uralic language family
	1.2 Sámi language variants
	1.3 Historical and sociolinguistic introduction to North Sámi
		1.3.1 Early history of North Sámi
		1.3.2 Written North Sámi
		1.3.3 Dialects of modern North Sámi
		1.3.4 Sociolinguistic situation of North Sámi
		1.3.5 North Sámi culture, literature, and music
Chapter 2 Phonology and orthography
	2.1 The alphabet
	2.2 Vowels
	2.3 Diphthongs
	2.4 Consonants
	2.5 Stress, syllables, and intonation
	2.6 Consonant gradation
Chapter 3 Nouns
	3.1 Noun types
		3.1.1 Even-syllable
		3.1.2 Odd-syllable
		3.1.3 Contracted
	3.2 Cases
		3.2.1 Nominative
		3.2.2 Accusative
		3.2.3 Genitive
		3.2.4 Illative
		3.2.5 Locative
		3.2.6 Comitative
		3.2.7 Essive
Chapter 4 Adjectives
	4.1 Predicative adjective types
	4.2 Attributive adjective types
	4.3 Comparative
	4.4 Superlative
	4.5 Demonstrative
Chapter 5 Pronouns
	5.1 Personal
	5.2 Possessive
		5.2.1 Pronouns
		5.2.2 Suffixes
	5.3 Demonstrative
	5.4 Interrogative
	5.5 Relative
	5.6 Indefinite
	5.7 Distributive
	5.8 Reflexive
	5.9 Reciprocal
Chapter 6 Numerals
	6.1 Cardinal
	6.2 Ordinal
	6.3 Derived
Chapter 7 Verbs
	7.1 Tense
		7.1.1 Present
			7.1.1.1 Form
			7.1.1.2 Usage
		7.1.2 Past
			7.1.2.1 Form
			7.1.2.2 Usage
		7.1.3 Perfect
			7.1.3.1 Form
			7.1.3.2 Usage
		7.1.4 Pluperfect
			7.1.4.1 Form
			7.1.4.2 Usage
		7.1.5 Progressive
			7.1.5.1 Form
			7.1.5.2 Usage
		7.1.6 Alternative ways of expressing tense
		7.1.7 Tense in reported speech
	7.2 Mood
		7.2.1 Indicative
		7.2.2 Potential
			7.2.2.1 Form
			7.2.2.2 Usage
		7.2.3 Conditional
			7.2.3.1 Form
			7.2.3.2 Usage
		7.2.4 Imperative
			7.2.4.1 Form
			7.2.4.2 Usage
		7.2.5 Alternative ways of expressing modality
	7.3 Negation
		7.3.1 Indicative present
		7.3.2 Indicative past, perfect, and pluperfect
		7.3.3 Potential
		7.3.4 Conditional
		7.3.5 Progressive
		7.3.6 Imperative
	7.4 Non-finite verb forms
		7.4.1 Infinitive
			7.4.1.1 Form
			7.4.1.2 Usage
		7.4.2 Verbal nouns
			7.4.2.1 Form
			7.4.2.2 Usage
		7.4.3 Actio essive
			7.4.3.1 Form
			7.4.3.2 Usage
		7.4.4 Actio locative
			7.4.4.1 Form
			7.4.4.2 Usage
		7.4.5 Actio comitative
			7.4.5.1 Form
			7.4.5.2 Usage
		7.4.6 Gerund
			7.4.6.1 Form
			7.4.6.2 Usage
		7.4.7 Verbal genitive
			7.4.7.1 Form
			7.4.7.2 Usage
		7.4.8 Verbal abessive
			7.4.8.1 Form
			7.4.8.2 Usage
		7.4.9 Purposive (supine)
			7.4.9.1 Positive
			7.4.9.2 Negative
		7.4.10 Participles
			7.4.10.1 Present participle
				7.4.10.1.1 Form
				7.4.10.1.2 Usage
			7.4.10.2 Past participle
				7.4.10.2.1 Form
				7.4.10.2.2 Usage
Chapter 8 Adverbs
	8.1 Manner
	8.2 Time
	8.3 Place
	8.4 Degree, measure, and quantity
	8.5 Interrogative
	8.6 Other
Chapter 9 Adpositions
	9.1 Adpositions of place
	9.2 Adpositions of time
	9.3 Adpositions with other meanings
	9.4 Adpositions with possessive suffixes
Chapter 10 Conjunctions
	10.1 Coordinate
	10.2 Subordinate
		10.2.1 Complementisers
		10.2.2 Adverbial
Chapter 11 Particles
	11.1 Discourse particles
		11.1.1 Enclitic particles
		11.1.2 Independent particles
	11.2 Interjections
Chapter 12 Clauses
	12.1 Word order
	12.2 Intransitive
	12.3 Transitive
	12.4 Other two-place verbal clauses
	12.5 Habitive
	12.6 Existential
	12.7 Predicative
	12.8 Subjectless
	12.9 Interrogative
Chapter 13 Word formation
	13.1 Derivative suffixes
		13.1.1 Verb suffixes
			13.1.1.1 Verbs derived from verbs
				13.1.1.1.1 Valency-changingsuffixes
					13.1.1.1.1.1 Passive
					13.1.1.1.1.2 Adversative passive
					13.1.1.1.1.3 Reflexive
					13.1.1.1.1.5 Causative
					13.1.1.1.1.6 Applicative
					13.1.1.1.1.7 Anti-applicative
					13.1.1.1.1.8 Desiderative
				13.1.1.1.2 Aspectual suffixes
					13.1.1.1.2.1 Subitive and
diminutive
					13.1.1.1.2.2 Momentaneous
					13.1.1.1.2.3 Frequentative
					13.1.1.1.2.4 Inchoative
			13.1.1.2 Verbs derived from nominals
		13.1.2 Noun suffixes
			13.1.2.1 Nouns derived from verbs
			13.1.2.2 Nouns derived from nouns
			13.1.2.3 Nouns derived from adjectives
		13.1.3 Adjective suffixes
			13.1.3.1 Adjectives derived from verbs
			13.1.3.2 Adjectives derived from nouns
			13.1.3.3 Adjectives derived from adjectives
			13.1.3.4 Adjectives derived from adverbs
	13.2 Compounding
		13.2.1 Compound nouns
		13.2.2 Compound adjectives
		13.2.3 Compound verbs
Suggested resources
Index