Nonlinear Optics and Photonics

Guang S. He.Nonlinear optics and photonics(OUP,2015)(663p)  3......Page 3
Copyright 4......Page 4
Preface 6......Page 6
Contents 7......Page 7
1.1 Conventional optics and nonlinear optics 1 ......Page 16
1.2 Major topics of nonlinear optics and photonics 3 ......Page 18
1.3.1 Intensity and brightness 7 ......Page 22
1.3.2 Spatial and temporal coherence 8 ......Page 23
1.3.3 Photon mode and degeneracy 9 ......Page 24
1.4.1 Semiclassical theory 10 ......Page 25
1.4.2 Quantum theory of radiation 11 ......Page 26
1.5 Applicability of the two theories in nonlinear optics and photonics 13 ......Page 28
2.1 Optical field-induced electric polarization in a medium 18 ......Page 33
2.2 Various mechanisms causing nonlinear polarization in a medium 22 ......Page 37
2.3 Manipulation of nonlinear susceptibilities 23 ......Page 38
2.4.2 Spatial-symmetry restrictions on susceptibilities 25 ......Page 40
2.4.4 Permutation symmetry of susceptibilities 26 ......Page 41
2.5 Nonlinear coupled-wave equations 27 ......Page 42
2.6 Complex expressions of optical wave fields 30 ......Page 45
3.1.1 Quantum description of the mechanism of SHG 33 ......Page 48
3.1.2 Semiclassical description of SHG 35 ......Page 50
3.1.3 Nonlinear crystals for SHG 39 ......Page 54
3.1.4 SHG devices 42 ......Page 57
3.2.1 Optical sum-frequency generation 43 ......Page 58
3.2.2 Optical difference-frequency generation 45 ......Page 60
3.3.1 General description 47 ......Page 62
3.3.2 Solutions of coupled-wave equations 49 ......Page 64
3.3.3 Experimental devices 51 ......Page 66
3.4.2 SHG from surfaces and interfaces 55 ......Page 70
4.1 Various FWFM processes 59 ......Page 74
4.2.1 Basic theoretical descriptions 62 ......Page 77
4.2.2 Phase-matching methods for THG 64 ......Page 79
4.2.3 Resonance enhancement of THG 65 ......Page 80
4.2.4 Materials and devices for THG and third-order sum-frequency generation 68 ......Page 83
4.3.1 Coherent Stokes-and anti-Stokes ring emission 70 ......Page 85
4.3.2 Raman-enhanced FWFM using two incident beams with a small crossing angle 73 ......Page 88
4.4.1 Continuum generation via four-photon parametric interaction 74 ......Page 89
4.4.2 Frequency-degenerate four-photon parametric interaction 76 ......Page 91
4.5.1 Electric field-induced SHG 78 ......Page 93
4.5.2 SHG in optical fibers 79 ......Page 94
5.1 Description of refractive index in linear optics 83 ......Page 98
5.2 Description of refractive index in nonlinear optics 85 ......Page 100
5.3 Two-beam induced refractive-index changes 87 ......Page 102
5.4 Two-photon resonance enhanced refractive-index change 88 ......Page 103
5.5 Raman resonance enhanced refractive-index change 90 ......Page 105
5.6.1 Various mechanisms of induced refractive-index changes 92 ......Page 107
5.6.2 Molecular reorientation contribution 93 ......Page 108
5.6.3 Optical electrostriction contribution 95 ......Page 110
5.6.4 Temporal responses of induced refractive-index changes 96 ......Page 111
5.7 Second-order nonlinearity induced refractive-index change (optical Pockels effect) 99 ......Page 114
6.1.1 General description 105 ......Page 120
6.1.2 Induced waveguide model of self-trapping 108 ......Page 123
6.1.3 Theory of steady-state self-focusing 109 ......Page 124
6.1.4 Another empirical formula for steady-state self-focusing 113 ......Page 128
6.1.5 Dynamic self-focusing process 114 ......Page 129
6.2 Direct observation of self-focusing effect 116 ......Page 131
6.3.1 Self-phase modulation and frequency chirp of intense short light pulses 119 ......Page 134
6.3.2 Spectral self-broadening of intense short light pulses 123 ......Page 138
6.3.3 Beat-frequency enhanced spectral self-broadening 125 ......Page 140
6.4.1 White-light continuum generation with ultrashort laser pulses 127 ......Page 142
6.4.2 Experimental observation of coherent continuum generation 129 ......Page 144
6.4.3 Applications of coherent continuum generation 134 ......Page 149
7.1.1 Origins of light scattering 136 ......Page 151
7.1.2 Classification of light scattering 137 ......Page 152
7.1.3 Differences between spontaneous and stimulated scattering 140 ......Page 155
7.2.1 Quantum-electrodynamical description of Raman scattering 142 ......Page 157
7.2.2 Probabilities of spontaneous and stimulated Raman scattering 146 ......Page 161
7.2.3 Gain coefficient and threshold condition 148 ......Page 163
7.3.1 Raman media and experimental setups 151 ......Page 166
7.3.2 Experimental properties of SRS 153 ......Page 168
7.3.3 Four-wave frequency mixing (FWFM) in SRS experiments 154 ......Page 169
7.3.4 Spin-flip, electronic, and rotational SRS effects 160 ......Page 175
7.4.1 Fundamental description of Brillouin scattering 168 ......Page 183
7.4.2 Equations of interaction between light and acoustic field 171 ......Page 186
7.4.3 Solution of coupled equations and gain coefficient of SBS 173 ......Page 188
7.4.4 Materials and experimental setups for SBS studies 177 ......Page 192
7.4.5 Major issues of experimental studies on SBS 179 ......Page 194
7.5.1 Stimulated Rayleigh-wing scattering 183 ......Page 198
7.5.2 Discovery of a super-broadband stimulated scattering 185 ......Page 200
7.5.3 Physical model of Rayleigh-Kerr and Raman-Kerr scattering 187 ......Page 202
7.5.4 Cross-section of Kerr scattering 188 ......Page 203
7.5.5 Exponential gain of SKS 192 ......Page 207
7.5.6 Experimental studies of forward SKS 194 ......Page 209
7.5.7 Experimental studies of backward SKS 198 ......Page 213
7.6.1 Early studies of stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering in a linearly absorbing medium 200 ......Page 215
7.6.2 Finding of frequency-unshifted backward stimulated scattering in a two-photon absorbing medium 202 ......Page 217
7.6.3 Physical model of SRBS 203 ......Page 218
7.6.4 Threshold requirement of SRBS 204 ......Page 219
7.6.5 Experimental results of SRBS in multi-photon absorbing media 205 ......Page 220
7.7.1 Spontaneous and stimulated Mie scattering 210 ......Page 225
7.7.2 SMS in metallic nanoparticle suspensions 211 ......Page 226
7.7.3 SMS in semiconductor nanoparticle suspensions 215 ......Page 230
8.1.1 Introduction to optical phase conjugation 222 ......Page 237
8.1.2 Definitions of backward PCWs 223 ......Page 238
8.1.3 Special capability of optical PCWs 225 ......Page 240
8.2.1 Backward PCW generation via degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) 226 ......Page 241
8.2.2 Holographic model of backward PCW generation via degenerate FWM 229 ......Page 244
8.2.3 Forward PCW generation via FWM and three-wave mixing 233 ......Page 248
8.2.4 Experimental studies of backward PCW generation via FWM 236 ......Page 251
8.3.1 Findings of phase-conjugation behavior of backward stimulated scattering 243 ......Page 258
8.3.2 Experimental studies on phase-conjugation properties of different types of backward stimulated scattering 244 ......Page 259
8.3.3 Theoretical explanations: quasi-collinear FWM model 248 ......Page 263
8.3.4 Theoretical treatment in unfocused-beam approximation 250 ......Page 265
8.4.1 Mechanism of generating phase-conjugate backward stimulated emission 254 ......Page 269
8.4.2 Experimental studies on PCW generation via backward stimulated emission 256 ......Page 271
8.5.1 Applications in special laser-device systems 260 ......Page 275
8.5.2 Applications in high-speed and long-distance optical fiber communication systems 262 ......Page 277
9.1 Major mechanisms of spectral broadening 274 ......Page 289
9.1.2 Collision broadening of the gaseous medium 275 ......Page 290
9.1.3 Transit-time broadening 276 ......Page 291
9.1.5 Recoil broadening 277 ......Page 292
9.2.1 General description of the saturated-absorption effect 278 ......Page 293
9.2.2 Basic theoretical considerations 281 ......Page 296
9.2.3 Experimental setups and results 283 ......Page 298
9.2.4 Crossover resonances in saturation spectroscopy 287 ......Page 302
9.3.1 General description 289 ......Page 304
9.3.2 Theoretical considerations of 2PA 291 ......Page 306
9.3.3 Experimental studies 293 ......Page 308
9.4.1 General description 295 ......Page 310
9.4.2 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) 296 ......Page 311
9.4.3 Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (RIKES) 301 316......Page 316
9.4.4 Raman gain spectroscopy (RGS) and inverse Raman spectroscopy (IRS) 303 334......Page 334
9.5.1 Doppler-free saturated-absorption polarization spectroscopy 306 ......Page 337
9.5.2 CARS polarization spectroscopy 308 ......Page 339
9.5.3 Polarization labeling molecular spectroscopy 310 ......Page 341
9.6.1 Principles of laser cooling and trapping 312 ......Page 343
9.6.2 Techniques for laser cooling and trapping 314 ......Page 345
9.6.3 Ultrahigh resolution spectroscopy using laser cooling and trapping techniques 316 ......Page 347
10.1 Coherent transient interaction of intense light with a resonant medium 323 ......Page 354
10.2.1 Definition of 2:t-pulse and self-induced transparency 324 ......Page 355
10.2.2 Shape and speed of the 2:t-pulse 327 ......Page 358
10.2.3 Experimental studies of self-induced transparency 330 ......Page 361
10.3.1 Concept of photon echo 334 ......Page 365
10.3.2 Theoretical description of photon echo 335 ......Page 366
10.3.3 Experimental studies of photon echo 339 ......Page 370
10.4.1 Conceptual description 342 ......Page 373
10.4.2 Optical Bloch equation 344 ......Page 375
10.4.3 Solution for optical nutation effect 347 ......Page 378
10.4.4 Experimental studies of optical nutation 349 ......Page 380
10.5 Optical free induction decay effect 352 ......Page 383
11.1.1 Background of optical bistability studies 359 ......Page 390
11.1.2 Theory of steady-state optical bistability 360 ......Page 391
11.1.3 Dynamic response of a nonlinear F-P etalon 364 ......Page 395
11.2.1 Influences of spatial and spectral structures of the incident laser beam 365 ......Page 396
11.2.2 Standard setup for experimental studies 367 ......Page 398
11.3.1 Early observations of optical bistable effects 368 ......Page 399
11.3.2 Nonlinear materials for optical bistable devices 370 ......Page 401
11.3.3 Semiconductor bistable devices 372 ......Page 403
11.3.4 Optical waveguide bistable devices 373 ......Page 404
11.3.5 Transient and thermal optical bistability 375 ......Page 406
11.4 Recent development of bistability studies 378 ......Page 409
12.1.1 Group velocity and group velocity dispersion (GVD) 386 ......Page 417
12.1.2 Refractive index and GVD of silica glass 387 ......Page 418
12.1.3 Balance between GVD and self-phase modulation in a nonlinear medium 388 ......Page 419
12.2.1 Wave equation governing pulse propagation in a nonlinear dispersive medium 390 ......Page 421
12.2.2 Solitary solutions of nonlinear wave equation in optical fiber systems 391 ......Page 422
12.2.3 Experimental observation of temporal solitons in optical fibers 392 ......Page 423
12.2.4 Soliton-like pulse formation in n2 < 0 nonlinear media with positive GVD 394 ......Page 425
12.2.5 Long-distance transmission of temporal solitons in fibers 395 ......Page 426
12.3.1 Pulse narrowing of higher-order temporal solitons through a shorter fiber 396 ......Page 427
12.3.2 Self-frequency shift of temporal solitons due to Raman gain 398 ......Page 429
12.4.2 Original version of soliton lasers 401 ......Page 432
12.4.3 Rare earth-doped fiber soliton lasers 403 ......Page 434
12.4.4 Fiber Raman soliton lasers 405 ......Page 436
13.1 Definition of spatial bright and dark solitons 410 ......Page 441
13.2.1 Nonlinear materials for spatial soliton formation 411 ......Page 442
13.2.2 Spatial soliton formation in generalized Kerr-type nonlinear media 412 ......Page 443
13.2.3 Spatial soliton formation in second-order nonlinear crystals 413 ......Page 444
13.2.4 Spatial soliton formation in liquid crystals 415 ......Page 446
13.2.5 Spatial soliton formation in photorefractive crystals 416 ......Page 447
13.2.6 Formation of spiraling spatial solitons 417 ......Page 448
13.3 Formation of dark spatial solitons 419 ......Page 450
13.4.1 General features of spatial soliton interactions 423 ......Page 454
13.4.2 Soliton interactions in Kerr-type media 424 ......Page 455
13.4.3 Soliton interactions in second-order nonlinear crystals 426 ......Page 457
13.4.4 Soliton interactions in PR media 427 ......Page 458
14.1.1 Introduction to MPA studies 432 ......Page 463
14.1.2 Mechanisms of MPA 434 ......Page 465
14.1.3 Formulations of MPA-induced light attenuation 436 ......Page 467
14.1.4 Theoretical expression of 2PA cross-section 438 ......Page 469
14.2.2 Basic structures of multi-photon active chromophores 440 ......Page 471
14.2.3 Features of novel multi-photon active materials 441 ......Page 472
14.3.1 S election of excitation wavelengths 444 ......Page 475
14.3.2 Measurement of MPA cross-section at discrete wavelengths 445 ......Page 476
14.3.3 Saturation effect of MPA in the sub-picosecond regime 449 ......Page 480
14.3.4 Measurements of MPA spectra 450 ......Page 481
14.3.5 Characterization of MPA-induced fluorescence emission 456 ......Page 487
14.4 Multi-photon pumped (MPP) frequency upconversion lasing 458 ......Page 489
14.4.1 General features of MPP lasing materials and devices 459 ......Page 490
14.4.2 Two-photon pumped (2PP) cavity lasing 461 ......Page 492
14.4.3 Three-to five-photon pumped lasing 462 ......Page 493
14.5.2 MPA-based optical limiting 466 ......Page 497
14.5.3 MPA-based optical stabilization 470 ......Page 501
14.5.4 MPA-based optical reshaping 474 ......Page 505
14.6.1 Common features of MPE for data storage and microfabrication 476 ......Page 507
14.6.2 3D data storage in two-photon active materials 479 ......Page 510
14.6.3 Two-photon polymerization-based 3D microfabrication 481 ......Page 512
15.1.1 One-photon photoemission effect 489 ......Page 520
15.1.2 Electronic band structures of solids 490 ......Page 521
15.1.4 Image-potential states (IPSs) of an electron at a metal surface 491 ......Page 522
15.2.1 Early observations of MPPE phenomena 493 ......Page 524
15.2.2 Resonance-enhanced MPPE effects 494 ......Page 525
15.2.3 MPPE studies on clean and/or adsorbing metal surfaces 497 ......Page 528
15.3.1 Mechanisms of multi-photon induced photoconductivity 500 ......Page 531
15.3.3 2PPC-based spectroscopic studies on semiconductors 502 ......Page 533
15.3.4 MPPC-based autocorrelation measurements of ultrashort laser pulses 504 ......Page 535
15.3.5 Other related studies 507 ......Page 538
16.1.1 Phase velocity of a monochromatic light 513 ......Page 544
16.1.2 Group velocity of a quasi-monochromatic light pulse 514 ......Page 545
16.2.1 Complex refractive index of an absorbing medium 517 ......Page 548
16.2.2 Group refractive index of an absorbing medium 519 ......Page 550
16.2.3 Group velocity of a light pulse in an absorbing medium 520 ......Page 551
16.2.4 Group velocity in a gain medium 522 ......Page 553
16.3.1 Features of light pulse propagation in a resonant medium 524 ......Page 555
16.3.3 Methods of creating fast and slow light propagation 526 ......Page 557
16.4.1 Fast light in linear absorbing media 529 ......Page 560
16.4.2 Fast light in double-line gain media 532 ......Page 563
16.4.3 Fast light in induced absorption systems 535 ......Page 566
16.4.4 Backward motion of a pulse peak inside a fast light medium 537 ......Page 568
16.5.1 Slow light based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) 540 ......Page 571
16.5.2 Slow light based on absorption saturation or coherent population oscillations 544 ......Page 575
16.5.3 Light pulses halted (stored) in an EIT medium 546 ......Page 577
16.5.4 Slow light effect in a Raman gain medium 548 ......Page 579
16.5.5 Slow light effect in a Brillouin gain medium 550 ......Page 581
16.5.6 Slow/fast light effects in a semiconductor absorber/amplifier or a fiber amplifier 552 ......Page 583
17.1.1 Principle of generating THz radiation in a second-order nonlinear crystal 559 ......Page 590
17.1.2 Experiments on THz generation in second-order nonlinear materials 562 ......Page 593
17.1.3 THz generation via four-wave mixing in plasmas 563 ......Page 594
17.2.1 THz detection via electro-optic (EO) sampling 565 ......Page 596
17.2.2 THz detection via FWM 566 ......Page 597
17.3.1 Nonlinear phase modulation with intense single-cycle THz pulses 570 ......Page 601
17.3.2 Strong-field THz-induced nonlinear absorption in semiconductors 575 ......Page 606
18.1.1 Basic equations of the density matrix 579 610......Page 610
18.1.2 Expression for interaction energy 581 612......Page 612
18.2.1 Solutions of density matrix equations 584 615......Page 615
18.2.2 Explicit formulations of various-order susceptibilities 586 617......Page 617
18.3.1 Local-field corrections 590 621......Page 621
18.3.2 Spatial symmetry 592 623......Page 623
18.3.3 Permutation symmetry and time-reversal symmetry of susceptibilities 595 626......Page 626
18.4.2 Resonance enhancement of the first- and second-order susceptibilities 598 629......Page 629
18.4.3 Resonance enhancement of the third-order susceptibility 599 630......Page 630
18.5.1 Validity of quantum-mechanical expressions for nonlinear susceptibilities 602 633......Page 633
18.5.2 Born-Oppenheimer approximation for nonlinear susceptibilities of a molecular medium 603 634......Page 634
Appendix 1 Physical Constants Commonly Used in Nonlinear Optics 605 636......Page 636
A2.2 Estimate of the electric field strength of a laser beam 606 637......Page 637
A2.4 Conversion of susceptibilities among different systems of units 607 638 ......Page 638
Appendix 3 Tensor Elements of the Linear Susceptibility for Crystals and other Media 609 640......Page 640
Appendix 4 Tensor Elements of the Second-Order Susceptibility for Various Crystal Classes 610 641......Page 641
Appendix 5 Tensor Elements of the Susceptibility of Second-Harmonic Generation for Various Crystal Classes 613 644......Page 644
Appendix 6 Tensor Elements of the Third-Order Susceptibility for Crystals and other Media 616  647......Page 647
Appendix 7 Tensor Elements of the Nuclear Third-Order Susceptibility in the Born-Oppenheimer Approximation 620 651......Page 651
A8.1 Derivation of Eq. (10.2-11) 622 653......Page 653
A8.2 Derivation of Eq. (10.2-18) 623 654......Page 654
Index 625 656......Page 656
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